鬼节的英文介绍.ppt

,GhostFestival,TheGhostFestival,alsoknownastheHungryGhostFestival,orYuLanpen（盂兰盆）isatraditionalChinesefestivalandholidaycelebratedbyChineseinmanycountries.IntheChinesecalendartheGhostFestivalisonthe15thnightoftheseventhlunarmonth(14thinsouthernChina).,鬼节,每年农历七月十五日为“盂兰盆节”，“盂兰盆会”，也称“中元节”（一定意义上讲，中元节归属道教，盂兰盆节归属佛教），有些地方俗称“鬼节”、“施孤”，又称亡人节、七月半。“鬼节”，俗称“七月半”（有些地区,尤以华南为十三或十四，相传是宋代末年蒙古人入侵某地，居民为逃难而提早一天过节）。,Origins,1.BuddhismBuddhistsfromChinaandTaoistsclaimthattheGhostFestivaloriginatedwiththecanonical（权威的）scripturesofBuddhism,butmanyofthevisibleaspectsoftheceremoniesoriginatefromChinesefolkreligion,andotherlocalfolktraditions.Thisprocessofsyncretism(宗教合并）isnotlimitedtoChina:theghostfestivalhasparallelsinTheravadaBuddhism（小乘佛教）reflectingthesameassumptionsaboutanannualopeningofthegatesofhell,andwiththesameroleofKingYama（阎罗王）.InTangDynastyChina,theBuddhistfestivalUllambana（盂兰盆）(seebelow)andtheGhostFestivalweremixedandcelebratedtogether.,Origins,Thearhat(阿罗汉）SanskritMaudgalyyanaChinese:Mu-lien目连andhismotherAfterheattainedarhatship,hebegantothinkdeeplyofhisparents,andwonderedwhathappenedtothem.Heusedhisclairvoyance（千里眼）toseewheretheywererebornandfoundhisfatherintheheavenlyrealmsi.e.therealmofthegods.However,hismotherhadbeenreborninalowerrealm,knownasAviciHell（无间地狱）,ortheRealmofHungryGhosts.Hismothertookontheformofahungryghost(preta)socalledbecauseitcouldnoteatduetoitshighlythinandfragilethroatinwhichnofoodcouldpassthrough,yetitwasalwayshungrybecauseithadafatbelly.,Origins,HehadinstructedhertokindlyhostanyBuddhistmonksthatevercameherway,butinsteadshewithheldherkindnessandhermoney.Itwasforthisreasonshewasrebornintherealmofhungryghosts.MaudgalyyanasoughttheBuddhasadvicetohelphismothergainahumanbirth.TheBuddhaestablishedadayafterthetraditionalsummerretreat(the14thdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendar,)onwhichMaudgalyyanawastoofferfoodandrobestofivehundredbhikkhus（比丘，梵语和尚）.Throughthemeritscreated,Maudgalyyanasmotherfinallygainedahumanbirth.,Origins,1.Taoism道教认为产生天地万物的三个基本元素是天、地、水，即“三元”，三者称“官”。天官赐福，诞于正月十五，称上元节。地官赦罪，诞于七月十五，称中元节。水官解厄，诞于十月十五，称下元节。中元地官于七月十五中元时普渡孤魂野鬼，有罪的人也可向其祈求赦罪。,OnthefifteenthdaytherealmsofHeavenandHellandtherealmofthelivingareopenandbothTaoistsandBuddhistswouldperformritualstotransmuteandabsolvethesufferingsofthedeceased（普渡死者）.IntrinsictotheGhostMonthisancestorworship,wheretraditionallythefilialpiety（孝顺）ofdescendantsextendstotheirancestorsevenaftertheirdeaths.,Activities,1.preparingritualistic（仪式性的）foodofferings(祭品）,2.burningincense,3.burnhellbanknotes(冥币）andotherformsofjosspaper,likepaperhouses,cars,servantsandtelevisionsforthevisitingspiritsoftheancestors.,4.servingElaboratemeals(oftenvegetarianmeals)withemptyseatsforeachofthedeceasedinthefamilytreatingthedeceasedasiftheyarestillliving.,5.5.buyingandreleasingminiature（微型）paperboatsandlanternsonwater,whichsignifiesgivingdirectionstothelostghostsandspiritsoftheancestorsandotherdeities（神灵）.,人们认为，中元节是鬼节，也应该张灯，为鬼庆祝节日。不过，人鬼有别，所以，中元张灯和上元张灯不一样。人为阳，鬼为阴；陆为阳，水为阴。所以，上元张灯是在陆地，中元张灯是在水里。,1.InChinesetradition,thefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendariscalledGhostDayandtheseventhmonthingeneralisregardedastheGhostMonth(鬼月),inwhichghostsandspirits,includingthoseofthedeceasedancestors,comeoutfromthelowerrealm（下界）.DistinctfromboththeQingmingFestival(inSpring)andChungYeungFestival(inAutumn)inwhichlivingdescendantspayhomagetotheirdeceasedancestors,onGhostDay,thedeceasedarebelievedtovisittheliving.,DifferencebetweenQingmingFestivalandGhostFestival,2.AncestorworshipiswhatdistinguishesQingmingFestivalfromGhostFestivalbecausethelatterincludespayingrespectstoalldeceased,includingthesameandyoungergenerations,whiletheformeronlyincludesoldergenerations.,Officialname,Buddhism:Ullambana(TC:盂蘭盆,SC:盂兰盆Ylnpn)TaoismandFolkBelief:ZhngyunJi(TC:中元節,SC:中元节)AlsocalledGhostMonth,Observedby:Buddhists,Taoists,ChinesefolkreligionbelieversSignificance：Theopeningofthega