论文-Abstract--conclusion--开题报告PPT课件

.,1,Abstractconclusion开题报告,.,2,HowtoWriteAbstract？,DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting,.,3,AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putsit,“Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.”美国化学文摘、生物文摘和英联邦农业局的文摘系统对文摘的定义是“对原文献内容准确、扼要的表达。不加补充解释和评论”。,I.Definition,.,4,TheAbstractshould,(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.,.,5,WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.,Payattention！,.,6,informativeabstract信息性/报道性/资料性摘要-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems-principalfindingsorresults-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstract指示性/说明性/描述性摘要outlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.,Structureofabstract|Classificationofabstracts,.,7,Structureofabstract|Structureofaninformativeabstract,Backgroundwhydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestionwhatquestionareyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyourpaper?Methodhow(whatmaterial,whatmethod,andwhatprocedures)doyougetanswerstoyourresearchquestion?Resultswhatisyouranswertothequestion?Conclusionswhatimplicationsdoestheanswerimply?,.,8,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,ToDEFINEthebackgroundandargumentofthepresentstudy,Although(theresearchsubject),(therelatedproblem)isasyetundetermined.(Theresearchsubject),however,(therelatedproblem)remainsunsolved.(Previousstudies)haveexamined,(therelatedproblem)isthat,despite(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeenquestionedbecauseThispaperdescribes/presents(theargument)within(atheoreticalcontext)While(thedebateoncertainresearchsubject)seemsto,(thepresentagreement)isstillproblematic.,.,9,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,ToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudy,ThispaperadvancestheviewthatThearticleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuseson/givesdetailedexplanationfor/investigatesinto/proposes/holdsthat/Thepurpose/intentionofthispaperisTheprimarygoal/aimofthisresearchisTheoverallobjectiveofthisstudyisInthispaper/study,weaimatThework/investigationpresentedinthispaperfocusesonThisresearchisdesignedtodetermine/measure/evaluateTheauthorintends/attemptsooutlinetheframeworkof/obtainsomeknowledgeof,.,10,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,ToDESCRIBEtheangleofobservingissues,fromtheangleofinthelightofthecontextthatToviewsomethingatadifferentangle/fromvariousanglesFromthepointofviewofFromtheperspectiveof,.,11,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,ToDESCRIBEresearchmethodandprocedures,Detailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing.SeveralsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityofThetechniquetheauthoradoptedisreferredtoasTheexperimentsconsistedoffoursteps,whicharedescribedinThemethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyisTheexperiment/investigationinthepaperisconductedbyadoptingTheprocedurethepresentstudyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedasTheexperiment/studyconsistedofthefollowingsteps:IncludedintheexperimentwereBasedontheideathat,weconductedthepresentstudy,categorized,andevaluated,.,12,SAMPLEAbstracts,.,13,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,TheSampleofABSTRACT,Theperformanceonthethreeindexesonthethreeindexesoftheacrossforyearsandthenativespeakersformaconyinuum./However,YearFourstudentsweresignificantlylowerinfluencyandwordvariationsthannativespeakers,butsimilartothenativespeakersinlexicalfrequencyprofile./TheperiodbetweenYearTwoandYearThreesawthemostnoticeableprogress./Thestudentswithdifferentstartinglevelsofthethreeindexesvariedintermsoftheirchanges./Thelow-levelgroupmadgreaterprogressthanthemiddle-levelgroupwhichproducedslightlyfasterprogressthanthehigh-levelgroup.,.,14,UsefulEXPRESSIONS,TheTranslationoftheSAMPLE,摘要:本研究采用英语专业学生四年的口语跟踪语料，用流利度、词汇多样性与词频广度三个指标分析词汇的使用，并与美国大学生的语料进行比较，旨在揭示其变化的趋势与特点。学习者语料来源于2001年入学的56名英语专业学生，他们每天在语言实验室里完成一篇议论文文体的口头作文。本民族语语料源于15名美国大学生，其口头作文的要求同于中国大学生，研究结果表明，学习者总体样本在流利度、词汇多样性和词频广度上的发展呈上升趋势，与本族语大学生的表现形成连续体。四年级学生在流利度和词汇多样性方面显著低于本族语大学生，但在词频广度上的差别与本族语大学生的差异不具有统计意义。2-3年纪是三个指标变化的最佳时段。三个指标起点不同的组别，进行轨迹不完全相同。低起点组明显进步显著大于中起点组，中起点组稍高于高起点组。,.,15,HowtoWritetheConclusion？,.,16,TheConclusion,Content,WhatisconclusionHowtowriteconclusionExamples,.,17,Definition,Aconclusionisananswercreatedfromthehypothesis,andsumsupthehypothesis.Conclusionsalwaysareputattheendofawritingpiece.Theystatewhathasbeenprovenandwhathasbeenlearned.,TheConclusion,.,18,PurposesofaConclusion,wrapthingsupandendyouressay,evaluatesthesignificanceofthepaper,reemphasizesthemainpoints,predictsanoutcome,offersasolution,orsuggestsafurtherstudy.,TheConclusion,.,19,Aconclusionshould,back,stresstheimportanceofthethesisstatement,givetheessayasenseofcompleteness,leaveafinalimpressiononthereader.,TheConclusion,.,20,ChecklistforConclusion,1“结论”部分的信息结构是从具体到普遍：作者从讨论具体的研究及研究成果出发，解释结果，设法总结出带有普遍性的结论。2一篇典型的“结论”通常包含六个信息要点：复述研究目的或假设；评述主要的研究成果；解释研究成果；指出研究的局限性;探析研究成果的普遍意义和启示；提出进一步研究或成果运用的建议。3重述研究目的或假设，重述研究成果用动词的过去时；解释研究成果、讨论成果局限性用动词的现在时、过去时和情态动词；讨论研究成果带来的启示、提出进一步研究的建议，用动词的现在时、情态动词或表示探测性的动词或动词词组。,.,21,Aconclusionismorethanasummary.Weneedto,1.Confirmthethesissentenceandthecentralmissionofyourstudy.Ifappropriate,giveastatementinsupportornonsupportofanoriginalenthymemeorhypothesis.2.Discussandinterpretthefindings.Giveanswers.Nowisthetimetodrawinferencesandtoemphasizeatheory,andtofindrelevanceinthedetailsoftheresults.3.Offersuggestionsforactionandfornewresearchbasedonthetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy.,TheConclusion,.,22,Strategiesforwritinganeffectiveconclusion,Returntothethemeorthemesintheintroduction.Synthesize,dontsummarize.Includeaprovocativeinsightorquotationfromtheresearchorreading.Proposeacourseofaction,asolutiontoanissue,orquestionsforfurtherstudy.Pointtobroaderimplications.,TheConclusion,.,23,Strategiestoavoid,Statingthethesisfortheveryfirsttimeintheconclusion.Introducinganewideaorsubtopicinyourconclusion.Endingwitharephrasedthesisstatementwithoutanysubstantivechanges.Makingsentimental,emotionalappealsthatareoutofcharacterwiththerestofananalyticalpaper.Includingevidence(quotations,statistics,etc.)thatshouldbeinthebodyofthepaper.,TheConclusion,.,24,Somepopularwaysofconcludingapaper:,1.RestatingthethesisstatementProvidesaretrospectiveviewthatsummarizesthemajorpointsinthepaperandexplainstheirsignificanceThemostcommontypeofconclusionThemainideaissaidagainbutindifferentwordsReinforcesthemainpointsthewritertriestomakeinthepaper.,TheConclusion,.,25,2.Offeringasolution,Forapaperwhichfocusesonaproblemorseveralproblems,itisagoodwaytoenditbyofferingsomepossiblesolutions.,3.Providingevaluations,Thepapercanconcludewithanevaluationofsignificanteffects,adescriptionandanalysisoftheresults.Hencedrivehomethekeypointsofthepaper.,4.Lookingtothefuture,Thepapercanconcludewithsomepredictions.,TheConclusion,.,26,UsefulTransitions,back,Itissometimeshelpfultohaveatransitionatthebeginningofyourconclusiontosignaltheendofyouressay.Somecommontransitionsusedinconclusionsarelistedbelow.Remembertouseacommaafteryourtransitions.,Inconclusion,Insummary,Thus,Therefore,Toconclude,Inshort,TheConclusion,.,27,TheConclusion,ThispaperhaveshownThispaperhaveexamined,andhaveproposedThisstudyshowedthatIthasbeenshownthatTakingintoaccountthefactthatThispaperhassuccessfullydemonstratedthatThispaperhasdefinedandstudiedItwasalsonotablethat,.,28,Example1,Conclusion:Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhiosoak-hickory(橡树与山核桃科树木)forests.Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(树林).Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallers