语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society

Chaptersevenlanguage,culture,andsociety,Discussionsinthischapter1.languageandculture2.languageandsociety3.languageandcross-culturalcommunication,7.1.1howdoeslanguagerelatetoculture?,LanguagestudyconductedinthepastEversincethebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,thelinguisticinquiryoflanguagehasbeeneithercomparativeandhistoricalorstructuralandformalizedinnature.Changestookplaceatthestartofthe20thcentury-tostudylanguageanthropologically.,Anthropologicallinguistics,Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity,e.g.itstradition,beliefs,andfamilystructure.语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。,Forexample,anthropologicallinguistshavestudiedthewaysinwhichrelationshipwithinthefamilyareexpressedindifferentcultures(kinshipterminology),andtheyhavestudiedhowpeoplecommunicatewithoneanotheratcertainsocialandculturalevents,e.g.ceremonies,rituals,andmeetings,andthenrelatedthistotheoverallstructureoftheparticularcommunity.,例如，人类语言学家对家庭成员关系在不同文化中的表达方式进行了研究，对于人们在某些社会文化活动，如庆典、仪式及会议中的交际方式，他们也作了研究，并将这些研究和特定社团的整体结构联系起来。,Someareasofanthropologicallinguisticsarecloselyrelatedtoareasofsociolinguisticsandtheethnographyofcommunication.人类语言学的某些领域与社会语言学和交际人种学有着紧密的联系。,Pioneersin,Europe:(England)Malinowski,Firth.NorthAmerica:(America)Boas,Sapir,andWhorf.,WorkinEngland,Themeaningofawordgreatlydependeduponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext,orrather,uponareallanguagesituationinlife.Wood:twointerpretations1.2.canoe,Speechacttheory,LanguageisamodeofactionThisviewoflanguageisthebasisforthegenerationofthespeechacttheory.,ContributionbyMalinowski,Pavedthewayforacultural,rather,acontextualstudyoflanguageuseinBritain.,Hisinfluence,Underhisanthropologicalviewoflanguageandbeingfullyawareoftheimportanceofthecontextinthestudyoflanguageuse,Firth,aleadingfigureinalinguistictraditionlaterknownastheLondonschool,triedtosetupamodelforillustratingthecloserelationshipsbetweenlanguageuseanditsco-occurrentfactors.Hedeveloped,Thestrongcultural-orientedimplicationsofthetheorybyFirth,1.thecreativityanddiversityoflinguisticidiosyncrasyinlanguageuse.2.“whospeaks(orwrites)whatlanguage(orwhatlanguagevariety)towhomandwhenandtowhatend”,ThefurtheranceofthetheorybyHalliday,Thefounderofsystemic-functionallinguistics,Heviewslanguagefromasociallysemioticorinteractionalperspective,heinterpretsgrammarfunctionallyasaresourceofmeaningpotential,andhislinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature.,ResearchworkinAmerica,Boas,Sapir,WhorfTheanthropologicalapproachtothestudyoflanguageandculturelaidafirmfoundationinthehistoryoflinguisticdevelopment.,Ethnographyofcommunication,Thestudyoftheplaceoflanguageincultureandsociety.Languageisnotstudiedinisolationbutwithinasocialand/orculturalsetting.Ethnographyofcommunicationstudies,forexample,howpeopleinaparticulargrouporcommunitycommunicatewitheachotherandhowthesocialrelationshipsbetweenthesepeopleaffectthetypeoflanguagetheyuse.,对语言在文化和社会中的位置的研究。语言的研究不是孤立的而是在社会和/或文化环境内进行的。交际人种学研究，例如，特定群体或社团内的人们如何相互交际的，这些人之间的社会关系是如何影响他们所使用的语言的。,TheconceptofanethnographyofcommunicationwasadvancedbytheAmericansocialanthropologistandlinguistHymesandthisapproachisimportantinsociolinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.交际人种学是由美国社会人类学家和语言学家海姆斯倡导的，对于社会语言学和应用语言学来说是一个重要部分。,ComponentsofSPEAKING,SPEAKING,Atheoryabouttherelationoflanguageandculture,ItisinfluentialandextremelycontroversialThehypothesisconcerningthelanguage,thought,andculture.SuggestedbyBenjiaminLeeWhorfTheSapirWhorfHypothesis,Suggestionsofthehypothesis,Languagehelpsmouldpeopleswayofthinking;Differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakersuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Inotherwords,itmeans:1.languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns-linguisticdeterminism2.similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.-linguisticrelativity(firstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist,WilhelmvonHumboldt),Afamousfollowerofthehypothesis,EugeneNida,awell-knownlinguistandtranslationtheorist,InvolvedintheBibletranslationworkacrossdifferentlanguagesFivetypesofsubcultureproposedbyNida1.ecologicalculture2.linguisticculture3.religiousculture4.materialculture5.socialculture,7.1.2moreabouttheSapirWhorfhypothesis,ProponentsHopi,anAmericanNativelanguagespokeninArizona,a“timeless”languageOpponentsDugumDani,aPapuanlanguagespokeninthecentralhighlandsofIrianJaya.Wordcolorterms,Prediction,Linguisticstudiesinthenewcenturywillbecomemorefruitfulifanevolutionary,cognitive,andinterdisciplinaryperspectiveistakeninitstheoreticpursuit.,7.1.3casestudies,1.Theinterplayoflanguageandculturerangesfromtextualstructuretophonologicalvariation.2.Phonologicaldifferencesordialectalaccentsrevealmorethangeographicaloriginsofspeakers.RPGA,3.Wordsaresometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.,7.1.4towhichextentdoweneedcultureinourlinguisticstudy?,AstudyoflinguisticissuesinaculturalsettingcangreatlypromoteourunderstandingofMOTIVATIONandDIRCTIONALITYinlanguagechange.,7.1.5cultureinlanguageteachingclassroom,Threeobjectivestoteachcultureinourlanguageclass:1.2.3.Successfulmasteryofagivenlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofthatculture.,7.2languageandsociety,Thestudyoflanguagecanhelpustoknowmoreaboutmanssocialactivities.,7.2.1howdoeslanguagerelatetosociety,WorksbyphilosophersandgrammariansinA.theGraeco-RomantraditionB.theIndiantraditionTwodifferentviewsoflanguagestudy1.monisticorautonomouspursuitChomsky2.dualisticviewoflinguisticinquirySociolinguisticsin1960s,7.2.2asituationallyandsociallyvariationistperspective,Languagealwayschangeswithsituations.父亲、爸爸、爹、老爸、老头.Languageisalsodeterminedbysocialnorms.中国人不能直呼父母名字Solanguagedifferencesinformarebothstylistically(situationally)andsociallygoverned.,Socialfactorsinfluencinglanguageuse,1.cationThefirsttwoarediscussed.,Languagevariationsresultingfromthedifferentclassbackgroundofpeople,1960sWorkbyWilliamLabovStudytherelationshipsbetweenspeakerssocialstatusandtheirphonologicalvariations.WrittenworkbyhimHisstudyshowsthatclassandstylearetwomajorfactorsinfluencingthespeakerschoiceofonephonologicalvariantoveranother.Classisanindispensablesociolinguisticvarible.Evaluationonthebook..,Theinfluencingofgenderuponlanguageuse,Theworkwasdone2000yearsagoinGreek.最早从语言学角度研究“性别语言”的应当首推丹麦语言学家叶斯柏森TherealworkwasinitiatedbyRobinLakoffLabovalsodidsomethingThefeaturesofWOMENREGISTER(womenlanguage).5.6.,Whytheexistingofthewomenlanguage,WomensplaceinsocietySimplyspeaking,thelinguisticdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenareculturallyandsociallygoverned.Womenregisterisnotonlyusedbywomenbutalsobypowerlessmembersinsociety.“sex”isawordusedtorefertoonesbiologicalproperty,while“gender”isawordemployedtoshowonessocialproperty,WhyLINGUISTICSEXISM,Itisnotlanguageitselfbutwomensplaceinsocietythatmakespeoplelinguisticallybehaveinthatway.Thestudyofgenderdifferenceshasbecomeincreasinglyinterestingtopeopleinsociolinguisticseversincethe1970s.,7.2.3whatshouldweknowmoreaboutsociolinguistics?,Twoimportantthings:1.structuralthings2.theirusesinasocioculturalcontextConsequently,twobigissuestodealwith:1.howthesetwofactorsarerelatedtoeachother;2.whyitshouldbesoInotherwords,1.westudylanguageuseinsocialcontexttoknowstructuralthings;2.weexaminelinguisticphenomenaofaspeakingcommunitytounderstandthesociologicalthings.,Thefeaturesofsociolinguistics,1.pluralism2.diversity3.overlappingwithothertypesofscientificresearch(multidisciplinarynature),Researchapproaches,classifysociolinguisticstudies1.bymeansofahierarchicaldivision2.bymeansofanorientationalcategorization.SociolinguisticstudyofsocietySociolinguisticstudyoflanguageThetwoarerelatedbutnotidenticalperspectiveofobservation.,MacrolevelofstudyToknowsocietybystudyinglanguage（sociolinguisticsstudyoflanguage)Questions:.MicrolevelofstudyToknowlanguagebystudyingsociety(sociolinguisticstudyofsociety)Questions:.,7.2.4whatimplications(启发）canwegetfromsociolinguistics?,Theapplicationsofsociolinguistics（应用社会语言学）in:1.languageclassroom2.lawcourt3.clinicalsetting,1.Languageclassrooms,TwodifferentviewsofphilosophyinlanguageteachingTotrainthestudentsasgrammariansTotrainthestudentsasactivelanguageusers.Traditionallanguageteaching.Changesin1970s:HymestheoryofcommunicativecompetenceLinguisticcompetence(Chomsky)PragmaticcompetenceHowtotrainstudentsasactiveandsuccessfullanguageusersinareallanguagecontext.,Contributionsofsociolinguisticstolanguageteachinginclassroom,.,2.Lawcourt,成果1).2).3).Thechoiceofonediscoursepatternoveranotherisinstitutionallydecidedandsociallymaintained.,3.Clinicsettings,How.Moreimplicationscan.,7.3cross-culturalcommunication,Theimportanceofcross-culturalcommunicationWordsbyCarlRogers,7.3.1whatshouldweknowallboutcross-culturalcommunication?,Intra-culturalcommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationHowtocommunicatecross-culturallyandsuccessfully?Suggestions:A.B.C.Principlesweshouldfollowincross-culturalcommunication1.2.3.,7.3.2casestudies,Theimportanceofsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication1.wheninRomedoastheRomansdoA.pronominalusageB.addressformsC.greetingexpressions,A.pronominalusage,InmostEuropeanandAsianlanguagesInEnglish,.,B.addressforms,InEnglish,InChinese,C.greetingexpressions,Food(material)fortalkInEngland,.why?InChina,.Why?,2.Putyourselfinothersshoe