美国文学史及选读之弗罗斯特的《牧场》赏析

,RobertFrost:APoetofDeceptiveSimplicityII,罗伯特弗罗斯特：一位简单深邃的诗人(2),Reviewing:TheRoadNotTaken,TheRoadNotTaken,Tworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,AndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler,longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrowth;Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear;ThoughasforthatthepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame,AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblack.Oh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,IdoubtedifIshouldevercomeback.IshallbetellingthiswithasighSomewhereagesandageshence:Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andI-Itooktheonelesstraveledby,Andthathasmadeallthedifference.,1.RobertFrost(1874-1963):APoetofDeceptiveSimplicity,RobertFrostisoftenconsideredtobeapoetofsimplicity.Peopleenjoyreadinghispoems,becausehispoemslooksimple,directandnatural.Butactually,Frostisalmostneverassimple,directandnaturalasheappearstobe.,Frostsaysthathispoeticdictionhas“droppedtoaneverydaylevelthatevenWordsworthkeptabove”.,NomatterhowpureandsimpleFrostspoemsmayappearinforms,theirimplicitmeaningsarealmostalwaysintricate.Frostwasdeceptivelysimple.,ThePasture牧场,Imgoingouttocleanthepasturespring;Illonlystoptoraketheleavesaway(Andwaittowatchthewaterclear,Imay)Ishantbegonelong.Youcometoo.ImgoingouttofetchthelittlecalfThatsstandingbythemother.ItssoyoungIttotterswhenshelicksitwithhertongue.Ishantbegonelong.Youcometoo.,我要出去清理牧场的泉眼，只想停下把水中枯叶搂净，(也许，等到泉水潺潺清清)我不会去太久你也来吧。我要出去牵回那一头牛犊，它那么小，站在母亲身旁，踉踉跄跄地任凭母亲舔着。我不会去太久你也来吧(黄宗英译),2.1Absolutelyunliterary（绝对非文学性),Poetspreferenceforsimplepoeticwords.Outof66wordsinthepoem,thereareonly10wordsoftwosyllables,whiletheothersareallmonosyllabic(单音节词).Allthenounsinthispoemareconcretenouns(具体名词)：pasture,spring,leaves,water,calf,mother,andtongue,referringtopastoralfeaturesofaNewEnglandfarm.,2.1Absolutelyunliterary（绝对非文学性),Thepoemhasonlytwopurelydescriptiveadjectives(纯粹的描写性形容词)：clearandlittle.Almostalltheverbshererefertodefinitephysicalacts(具体动作):clean,stop,rake,wait,watch,fetch,andlick.,2.1Absolutelyunliterary,Intermsofsentence,orsyntacticallyspeaking,thesentencesaresimple.Theaveragesentencelengthislessthantenwords.Thepoemcontainsonlytwocomplexsentences(lines5-6),buteveninthesetwocomplexsentences,weseenostrikingvarietyofcomplexityfromonetotheother.Theybalancewellandshortandsimple.,2.1Absolutelyunliterary,Thematicallyspeaking,whatisdepictedinthispoemisnothingmorethanasimpleandphysicaldescriptionofaninvitationfromthefarmer-poet.Orwesayagoodpoetfarmer.,2.2Storyinthepoem,Thefirstlinepresentsthebackgroundofthefarmandthemanwhocaresforit.Thespeakerisgoingforthbyhimselfinearlyspringtoclearaspringofwater.Hesaysthathisworkwillbefairlybrief,butheaskstheaddresseetogowithhim.,2.2Storyinthepoem,Inthesecondstanza,thesubjectswitchesfromthespringtoalittlecalf,whichissoyoungthatitstandstotteringbesidesitsmother.Againthespeakeraskstheaddresseetogowithhimtofetchit.Wecaneasilyreconstructedthewholesceneinourmindseye.However,thetwosmallquatrainsshowhowtheleastmaymeanmost,offeringthewriterandthereaderalikethedelightofsayinganordinarythinganddiscoveringthatitisart.,2.3thespeaker“I”asafarmer,Onthefirstlevel,ofwetakethespeaker“I”asafarmer,thewholepoemwillprovetobeapictureofvigorousfarmlifeinearlyspring.Atthistimeofyear,farmersaremakingpreparationsforthegrowingseason.Inthiscase,thespring-timeclearingofthedeadleavesleftoverthroughthewintermaysuggesttherhythmicalcontinuityoflifeanddeathinnature.,2.3thespeaker“I”asafarmer,Besides,anunhurriedlifeisimpliedbythespeakerscasualtoneofvoice:IambicPentameterLines(五音步抑扬格):ImgoingouttocleanthepasturespringIllonlystoptoraketheleavesawayAlliteration（押头韵）:(Andwaittowatchthewaterclear,Imay),2.3thespeaker“I”asafarmer,FrostisdeftinwritingthefirstthreelinesofneatIambicPentameterandinusingthedeviceofheavyalliterationinthethirdlinetodepictrhythmicallytheincidentalactivitiesofthefarmer.Hecaneitherstoptoclearupthewaterorjustwaittowatchthewaterclearbyitself.Inthesecondstanza,animageofatotteringcalfbesidesitsmothersymbolizesafuturefullofpromises.,2.4thespeaker“I”asapoet,Onthesecondlevel,sinceFrosttakesthispoemasanintroductiontohispoetry,thespeaker“I”canberegardedasthepoethimself,inwhichcasethepoemmightseamtobeamanifestationofthepoetsthoughtabouthispoeticsandpoetry.Thedeadleaveshewantstorakeawayinthefirststanzamaysuggesttheold-fashionversificationofthenineteenthcentury,withwhichhewantstobreak,whilethelittlecalf,strugglingtostandbyitself,symbolizesthekindofnewpoetryhehaswritten.,3.Summary,Theinvitation,therefore,canbeseenasthepoetsinvitationforthereadertoappreciatehispoetry.Thep