非常好的高考完形填空解题技巧公开课.ppt

高考英语专题复习-完形填空解题技巧指导ByChenGuishan,FunnyTimeAdrunkguyapproachesacutegirlinasinglesbar.HiBabe,howaboutadate?Hesays.Dontwasteyourtime.Inevergooutwithaperfectstranger.Itseemswearebothinluck.Imfarfromperfect.,在这个笑话里，美女口中指“complete（完全的）”，醉汉的理解则是“flawless（完美的）”。,【学习目标】：1.熟练运用所学词汇，并学会充分利用上下文语境所提供的线索进行选择。2.通过限时训练，学会整体归纳、总结提炼的方法。3.全力以赴投入学习，培养积极的人生态度。,一、考纲要求与说明,完形填空题型考查考生语篇中灵活运用语言知识的能力。这种题型既可以测试词汇、句法等语言方面的知识，又可以考查学生的理解、联想、判断、推理等方面的思维能力，具有较强的区分度，对考生的能力要求较高。,二、完形填空的命题原理,一篇文章有其主题思想，篇章结构，行文逻辑关系及语言特色，即使挖去一些词语，仍可通过对剩余部分的内容所作的分析与判断，准确推知空去的词语。,词汇题,高考完形填空考什么？,篇章结构(语境),句际关系,结合选项,完型填空试题主要特点：,1.通常从一篇300词左右，文章中设空15个，首句不挖空；,2.干扰项设计严密.一般情况下，四个选项的词性相同或属于同等或对等范畴，干扰项填入后在语法上一般不存在错误，对考生有很大的迷惑作用；,3.突出语篇(语境)，强调应用，注重交际；,4.大多富有积极的教育意义，给人以人生的启迪或是充满了生活情趣；,细读文章的第一句话,高考完形填空选文的第一句话通常是完整的。该句往往就是主题句（TopicSentence），这就为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个“窗口”，它的句意往往为全文提供中心信息，能直接概括全文大意、揭示主题。充分重视首句的标示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，据此展开思维，争取开局胜利。,例：,OnApril12,1888,AlfredsbrotherLudwigdiedofheartattack.AmajorFrenchnewspaper21hisbrotherforhimandcarriedanarticle22thedeathofAlfredNobel.2009年广东高考,例如：2010广东高考,Everycountryhasitsownculture.Eventhougheachcountryusesdoors，doorsmayhave21functionsandpurposeswhichleadto22differences.,(一)上下求索寻信息因为答案信息点有的在空格前，有的在空格后，有的在前文和后文都有出现，需要综合考虑或相互印证。有时，还要根据上、下文提供的信息，结合常识，进行适当的逻辑推理，才可得出正确答案。不管题目有多难，都一定能在上下文中找到线索。,根据上述对广东高考完形填空的命题研究,我们归纳了以下一些解题方法：,例1(2013广东)Thenumbersenseisnottheabilitytocount,buttheabilitytorecognizea1innumber.Humanbeingsarebornwiththisability.experimentsshowthatmanyanimalsare,too.Forexample,Ifanesthasfoureggsandyouremoveone,thebirdwillnot.However,ifyouremovetwo,thebirdleaves.Thismeansthatthebirdknowsthe5betweentwoandthree.1.A.riseB.patternC.changeD.trend5.A.distanceB.rangeC.differenceD.interval,答题时,眼睛不能只盯在空格上或只盯在空格所在的这一个句子上,一定要“左顾右盼”,弄清前后的习惯搭配或句式结构。注意,常常不止一个选项前后可以构成搭配关系,这时需要根据上下文的意思来定夺。,2.左顾右盼找搭配,解析：根据动宾搭配,在四个选项中,能与名词theNobelprizes(诺贝尔奖)搭配的,只有establish(设立),即“设立诺贝尔奖”。用他的大部分钱去“构成/开发/促进”诺贝尔奖,是讲不通的。,例2Nobelarrangedinhiswilltogivethelargestpartofhismoneyto28theNobelprizes,whichwouldbeawardedtopeoplewho.A.establishB.formC.developD.promote,有时,若单独看空格处或空格所在句,其中两个、三个甚至四个选项填入格中都不错,句子也通顺,但结合全文内容来理解,就只有一个是最佳答案了。因此,选择答案时,一定要考虑到此选项不但在本句中合符语境,而且要在全文中也讲得通,即贯通全文。,3.思前想后通全文,例3AlfredNobelbecameamillionaireandchangedthewaysofmining,construction,andwarfareastheinventorofdynamite(炸药).thearticleread.“Dr.AlfredNobel,whobecame_byfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday.”.Nobelarrangedinhiswilltogivethelargestpartofhismoneyto.A.famousB.sickC.richD.popular,解析：若单独看空前的became,填四个选项都没有语法错误,但是由前文中的becameamillionaire和后文givethelargestpartofhismoney可知,rich为最佳答案,故选C。,(一)通读全文，理解大意重视首句信息,跳过空格,浏览全文,从整体上感知全文,理解短文大意,这是解题的基础。这一步非常重要,万万不可忽视。,1-2mins,(二)瞻前顾后，初选答案,在理解短文大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，与前后词语的习惯搭配，特别是上下文语境选择(上下文语境包括选择项与所在句子中的语义联系，所在句与周围句群的关系，所在句在本段中所起的作用，所在句在整篇短文中所起的作用以及与文章主题思想的关系等)。可以先解决那些自己有把握的题，对少数难题，暂时跳过，在上文中难以判断的题或许在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示了，一个在前面不能解答的题或许在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。7-8mins,(三)复读全文，解决残敌将有把握的答案填入空格处，借助已经补全的空格，我们对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的个别难题。1-2mins(四)再次复读，弥补疏漏全部做好后，考生务必要结合自己选择的答案(建议将答案填入空格处)重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。检查答案是否符合逻辑,符合作者意图,符合语法惯用法,确保流畅。1-2mins,根据广东高考完形填空题的特点,只要了解上述三个原则,遵循四个步骤,灵活运用以下五个技巧,任何完形难题都可得到顺利解决。希望同学们一定要理解、掌握以下五个技巧。,某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同出现的倾向性，叫词语同现,也有人称之为“词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系,或者同类互补关系等,如different与same;cruel与friendly;death(死亡)与destruction(毁灭);ill与pale,patient,nurse,doctor,operation等。,(一)词语同现,一个语篇往往会围绕着某一主题或话题，与此相关的词就可能会共同出现，以实现语篇衔接。如2011年广东高考完形填空的短文，是围绕“把优生从普通班里分离出去会带来严重问题”这一主题展开的，涉及这一主题的可能有“普通班”“特殊班”“优生”“普通生”，以及“学校”“老师”“学习”等等，因此,special,gifted,intelligent,top,regular，average，school，classes，teachers，children，learning这些相互关联的词语就很可能会同时出现在语篇之中。,了解词语同现,对正确解答完形填空题很有帮助。请运用词语同现的技巧，解答以下高考真题，并说明正确选项与哪些词同现。,1.(2013广东)Amanwastryingtotakeaphotoofacrow(乌鸦)thathasanestinatower,butthecrowalwaysleftwhenshesawhimcoming.Thebirddidnot_untilthemanleftthetower.A.relaxB.recoverC.reactD.return,D与left(离开)相对同现的应是return(回来)，故选D。“放松”“恢复”“起反应”与语境不符。,3.(2012广东)Forexample,theymaybelievethatpeopleshouldalwaystellthetruth,andthatlyingis_acceptable.,A.seldomB.rarelyC.merelyD.never,Dbelieve后的thatandthat是两个并列的宾语从句,表达的观点应前后一致。其中,tellthetruth与lying相对,而与always相对的应是never。always与never是反义同现。,4.(2012广东)Somepeoplechoosenottoeatmeatbecausetheybelievethatitis_toeatanimals,butothersarguethattheycaneatmeatandstillbekindtoanimals,A.awfulB.cruelC.unhealthyD.unnecessary,B由but可知，应选与下文中kind相对的cruel。kind与cruel是反义同现。,词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方式在同一语篇中重复出现。语篇中的句子通过复现关系达到相互衔接的目的。词语复现又可分为原词复现、同源词复现(又叫同根词复现)、同义或近义词复现(包括与近义词的同根词复现,如ill与sickness)、上下义复现(即总括与分述,如animal是sheep,tiger,wolf等的上义词；rose是flower的下义词)、反义复现（如wrong与right）等。,(二)词语复现,2.(2013广东)Hetookanothermanwithhimtothetower.Onemanleftandtheotherstayed,buttheydidnot_thebirdItwasnotuntilfivemenwentintothetowerandonlyfourleftthattheywereabletofoolthecrow.,A.foolB.hurtC.catchD.kill,A由but可知，他们并没能“欺骗”那只乌鸦。与下文foolthecrow中的fool是原词复现。,5.(2013广东)Thenumbersenseisnottheabilitytocount,buttheabilitytorecognizeachangeinnumberItseemsthatnumbersenseissomethingwehaveincommonwithmanyanimalsinthisworldandthatourhuman_isnotmuchbetterthanacrows.A.sightB.natureC.abilityD.belief,C由文章的首段或首句可知，本文在讲到人具有数字感的同时，重点是讲动物的数字感，即有辨别数字变化的“能力”。ability是原词复现。,根据上下文的逻辑关系来推断正确答案,逻辑关系包括因果关系、对比关系、并列关系、转折关系、让步关系、递进关系、条件与结果的关系等。从七年来的广东高考完形填空题来看,最多的是利用因果关系来推断正确答案。请运用逻辑推断,解答以下试题,并指出正确选项是根据什么逻辑关系推断出来的。,3.逻辑推理,1.(2013广东)Humanbeingsarebornwiththisability._,experimentsshowthatmanyanimalsare,too.A.ImportantlyB.SurprisinglyC.DisappointedlyD.Fortunately,B因“实验表明许多动物也跟人类一样具有这种能力”，这是“令人惊讶的”。其他选项“重要地”“失望地”“幸运地”与上下文内容无联系。,A.interestingB.vitalC.easyD.valuable,3.(2012广东)Ifpeoplefollowruleswithouttakingothermattersintoconsideration,itwillbe_forthemtoformwhatissometimescalleda“blackandwhite”view.,C你由“不考虑其他事情(withouttakingothermattersintoconsideration)”，即全面地看问题，可推断出，这种人很“容易”形成黑白观(非黑即白)。(因果关系),将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识,以及科普常识等结合起来,进行简单推理,从而得出正确答案。事实上,该技巧与“逻辑推断”常常交织在一起的,因为虽有背景常识,仍需简单推理;逻辑推理离不开背景常识。请运用背景常识，进行适当推理，解答以下高考试题。,(四)背景常识,1.(2013广东)Thenumbersenseisnottheabilitytocount,buttheabilitytorecognizea_innumber.Humanbeingsarebornwiththisabilityexperimentsshowthatmanyanimalsare,tooIfanesthasfoureggsandyouremoveone,thebirdwillnotnotice.However,ifyouremovetwo,thebirdgenerallyleaves,A.riseB.patternC.changeD.trend,C根据常识，下文的removeone,removetwo就是数字的“变化”，故选C。其他三个选项“上升”“样式”“趋势”与文中内容几乎毫无关系。,2.(2013广东)Hetookanothermanwithhimtothetower.Onemanleftandtheotherstayed,buttheydidnotfoolthebird.Theexperimentwas_withthreemen,andthenfourmen.ButA.reportedB.repeatedC.designedD.approved,B该实验由一个人去接近那只乌鸦，然后带一个人即一共两个人去做这个实验，接着三个人、四个人去做这个实验，根据常识，显然是在“重复”做这个实验。其他选项“报告”“设计”“证明”均与语境不符。,主要指动词与介词的搭配、动宾搭配及句式搭配等。广东高考完形填空中主要考查动宾搭配。能不能搭配,除涉及词语的用法外,还需结合常识来判断。,5.前后搭配,请运用前后搭配习惯,解答以下高考试题。,1.(2009广东)OnApril12,1888,AlfredsbrotherLudwigdiedofheartattack.AmajorFrenchnewspaper_hisbrotherforhimand.A.foundB.misunderstoodC.mistookD.judged,C根据动介搭配，能与后面的介词for搭配的，只有mistook。(注：这类题是极少考查的，五年仅此一题),2.(2009广东).Nobelarrangedinhiswilltogivethelargestpartofhismoneyto_theNobelprizes,.A.EstablishB.formC.DevelopD.promote,A根据动宾搭配，应是“设立诺贝尔奖”，即establishtheNobelprizes。,完形填空中，有的题既可以用这种技巧解答，又可用那种技巧来解答，也有的可能要结合两种或多种技巧才能解答。其中，词语复现、词语同现和根据背景常识进行逻辑推断是最重要的三个解题策略。完全可以这样说，只要你熟练掌握并能灵活运用这五个技巧，广东高考完形填空题，不再有难题。,但是，所有的方法或技巧都是一种辅助作用，都必须建立在扎实的语言基础之上。如果词汇不过关，句子理不顺，篇章意义不理解，任何方法或技巧都将无济于事。,注意上下文语境,解题过程中应做到,实战演练,Aboutamonthago,whileinthedrivethroughatStarbucks,Inoticedawomaninacarbehindmewhoappearedtobehavingabadday.Thereweretwokidsinthebackwhoseemedtohavetoomuch1at8amonaSundaymorning,becausetheywereshoutingloudly.The2movedslowlyandatonepointwhileIwaspullingthecarforward,thesadwomanbehindme3mycar.Icouldtellthis4her.TheentiretimethatIwaitedinlineformycoffeethiswomandidnt5.LookingbackatherIcouldtellshewaswondering“Whyme?Whytoday?”WhenI6upandpaidformycoffeeIrequestedthatthebarista(咖啡吧员)ofStarbucksgivethewomanbehindmeasmilecardandpaidforhercoffee.Just30minutesagoIwasagain7inlineatStarbucks.Iheardaslamofacardoorbutthoughtnothingofit.Iwas8whenthesamewomancameuptomydriverssidewindow.She9meatwenty-dollarbillandthesamesmilecardIhadgiventoher.Shesmiledandsaid,“Theseareforyou.Youarethe10onewhogavethesetome11,right?AllIneedyoutodoisaskthebaristatogivethe12backtome.”Itwasamazing!Itwasasifthiswomanhadbeenwaitingtoshowher13forwhatIhaddone!Whenshegotbackintoher14todayshewasallsmiles.IcouldtellshehadthesamefeelingasIhadonthatearlySundaymorning.Itwasnicetohavemycoffeepaidfor,butwhatmademefeelevenbetterwasseeingthehappinessandsmileonherface.AsIpulledoutofthedrive-thru,shewavedandyelledout,“Havea15day!”Iyelledback“Youtoo!”andwavedhergoodbye.,Aboutamonthagowhileinthedrive-through（免下车餐馆）atStarbucksInoticedawomaninacarbehindmewhoappearedtobehavingabaddayThe21movedslowlyandatonepointwhile22forwardthewomanbehindmebumpedmycarIcouldtellthisworriedand23herShewaslookingatthesideviewmirror24Whyme?Whytoday?WhenIpulledupandpaidformycoffeeIgavethewomana25andpaidforhermuffinJust30minutes26IwasagainwaitinginlineattheStarbucksIheardacardoorslambutthought27ofitIwasstartledwhenthissamewoman28tomydriversidewindowShehandedmeatwentydollarbilland29asmile,saying,ThisisforyouYouweretheonewhogavemethehopeoflifeoriginally30”Itwasamazing!Itwasasifthiswomanhadbeenwaitingtoshowher31forwhatIhaddone!Iknowinmost32itsbesttohavethis33_Thatmeansperhapssheunderstandsthe34ofgivingasmileThemostamazingthing?ThedayIboughthercoffeeandmuffinforher,theentiredayafter,IwasfilledwiththissenseofhopeWonderingifwhatIhaddonehadmadea35andhopingthatwhatIhaddonehadmadeherfeel36_WhenshegotbackintohercartodayshewasallSmilesIcouldtellshefeltthe37wayIhadthatoneearlySundaymorningItwasnicetohavemydrink38_,butwhatmademefeelevenbetterwasseeingthehappinessandsmilesonherfaceAsIpulledoutofthedrive-throughshe39andyelledout,Haveagoodday!Iyelledback,Youtoo!Thesmilehas40mydayfromaWhyMeDayintoadayofhappiness21AbusBlineCcloudDriver22AlookingBwalkingCturningDpulling23AinjuredBfrightenedCconcernedDdiscovered24AreadingBwonderingCremindingDlaughing,Aboutamonthago,whileinthedrivethroughatStarbucks,Inoticedawomaninacarbehindmewhoappearedtobehavingabadday.Thereweretwokidsinthebackwhoseemedtohavetoomuch1at8amonaSundaymorning,becausetheywereshoutingloudly.The2movedslowlyandatonepointwhileIwaspullingthecarforward,thesadwomanbehindme3mycar.Icouldtellthis4her.TheentiretimethatIwaitedinlineformycoffeethiswomandidnt5.LookingbackatherIcouldtellshewaswondering“Whyme?Whytoday?”WhenI6upandpaidformycoffeeIrequestedthatthebarista(咖啡吧员)ofStarbucksgivethewomanbehindmeasmilecardandpaidforhercoffee.,1A.forceB.strengthC.powerD.energy2A.lineB.timeC.sunD.bus3A.knockedB.touchedC.kickedD.watched4A.excitedB.calmedC.worriedD.entertained5A.apologizeB.smileC.complainD.bother6A.pulledB.lookedC.turnedD.walked,Just30minutesagoIwasagain7inlineatStarbucks.Iheardaslamofacardoorbutthoughtnothingofit.Iwas8whenthesamewomancameuptomydriverssidewindow.She9meatwenty-dollarbillandthesamesmilecardIhadgiventoher.Shesmiledandsaid,“Theseareforyou.Youarethe10onewhogavethesetome11,right?AllIneedyoutodoisaskthebaristatogivethe12backtome.”Itwasamazing!Itwasasifthiswomanhadbeenwaitingtoshowher13forwhatIhaddone!,7A.standingB.waitingC.parkingD.pacing8A.amusedB.confusedC.disappointedD.shocked9A.handedB.owedC.presentedD.asked10A.cleverB.kindC.honestD.modest11A.privatelyB.secretlyC.originallyD.totally12A.cardB.changeC.billD.coffee13A.considerationB.respectC.desireD.appreciation,Whenshegotbackintoher14todayshewasallsmiles.IcouldtellshehadthesamefeelingasIhadonthatearlySundaymorning.Itwasnicetohavemycoffeepaidfor,butwhatmademefeelevenbetterwasseeingthehappinessandsmileonherface.AsIpulledoutofthedrive-thru,shewavedandyelledout,“Havea15day!”Iyelledback“Youtoo!”andwavedhergoodbye.,14A.officeB.homeC.carD.room15A.freeB.quietC.regularD.good,Onceuponatimethecolorsoftheworldstartedtoquarrel.Greensaid,ClearlyIamthemostimportant.Iamthesignoflifeandhope.Iwaschosenforgrass,treesandleaves.Withoutme,allanimalswould36.Blueinterrupted,Youonlythinkaboutthe37,butconsidertheskyandthesea.38thewaterthatisthebasisoflifeanddrawnupbythecloudsfromthedeepseaWithoutmypeace,youwouldallbe39.Yellowchuckled（笑道）,Youareallsoserious.Ibringlaughter,fun,and_40_intotheworld,36.A.stayB.leaveC.gooutD.die37.A.earthB.moonC.starD.sun38A.ThatisB.IamC.ItisD.Thisis39A.anythingB.nothingC.somethingD.Everything40A.warmthB.sadnessC.depressionD.anxiety,语境-词义,语境-转折.对比.排除,语法-强调句,语境-词义,语境-同类并列,Orangestartednexttoblowhertrumpet,Iamthecolorofhealthandstrength.Imaybe41,butIampreciousforIservetheneedsofhumanlife.WhenIfillthesky42,mybeautyissostrikingthatnoonegivesanother43toanyofyou.”Redcouldstandit44andheshoutedout,Iamtherulerofallofyou.Iamthecolorofdangerandofbravery.Iamwillingto45truth.Iamalsothecolorofpassionandoflove.,41.A.usualB.normalC.commonD.scarce42A.atmidnightB.atnoonoratnightC.atsunriseorsunsetD.duringtheday43A.giftB.honorC.thoughtD.respect44A.formoreB.anymoreC.verymuchD.nolonger45A.turntoB.fightforC.strugglewithD.bendover,语境-转折对比,语境-常识,语境-搭配,语境-搭配,语境-词义,givesanother,43to,couldstandit44,ThencamePurpleandIndigo（深蓝）.Thecolorswentonboasting,eachconvincedofhisorherown_46_.Theirquarrelingbecamelouderandlouder.Suddenlytherewasastartlingflashofbrightlighteningthunder.Rainstartedtopourdown_47_.Thecolorscrouched(蜷缩)down_48_,drawingclosetooneanotherforcomfort.Inthemidstoftheclamor（叫嚷）,rainbegantospeak,“Youfoolishcolors,fighting49yourselves,eachtryingtodominate（支配）50.,46A.superiorityB.disadvantagesC.reputationD.weakness47.A.gentlyB.quietlyC.violentlyD.peacefully48A.withcareB.infearC.bychanceD.o