Ellipsis-and-SubstitutionPPT课件

.,1,EllipsisandSubstitution,省略和替换,.,2,1.Definingellipsis,Ingrammar,ellipsismeanstheomissionofawordorwordswhichwouldcompleteorclarifythesentences.,.,3,Forexamples：WhileJohnisgenerous,hiswifeisnot(generous).,.,4,Butellipsisisnotarbitrary(随意主观的）butrule-governed.Wrongexample:WhileJohnisgenerous,hiswifenot.,.,5,Thepurposeofusingellipsisistobeeconomical(节约的）ofwordsandtobeconcise(简明的）.Therearetwokindsofellipsis:grammaticalellipsis(语法省略）andrhetoricalellipsis(修辞省略）,.,6,2.Grammaticalellipsis:Norminalellipsis(名词性省略）,verbalellipsis（动词性省略）andclausalellipsis（分句性省略）.,.,7,1.简单句中的省略现象,Soundslikeagoodidea.,Pitywelivesofarfromthesea.,Beautifulday,isntit?,1)句首省略,省略了句子的主语，有时还连同谓语动词一起省略,.,8,Wonderwhatsheisdoing.,Forgottenmyname?,Nobodyathome.,2)答语的省略,-Haveyoufinishedyourcomposition?,-Notyet.,.,9,-Willyoujoinus?,-Ishouldloveto.,Lindahasarrived.-when?,Hewontgototheparty.-whynot?,3)结构省略,这种省略可以根据通常的语法结构加以判断,.,10,Wehavelivedhere(for)tenyears.,在否定句中不可省略,Ihaventseenyouforthreemonths.,Someotherexamples:,Youwillnevermanagesuccessfully(in)thatway.,.,11,Thisisthemostexcitinggame(that)Ihaveeverwatched.,Thetrainisgoing(at)fiftymilesanhour.,.,12,4)不定式的省略,IwenttherebecauseIwantto.,-Willyoujoinus?,-YesIdloveto.,在下列词后常省略不定式但要保留to:wantwishlikehatehopeintendplanloverefuseexpect,.,13,当want和like用于从句中时，to常常省略。,Comewhenyouwant.,IhavedecidedtodowhatIlike.,.,14,Youcantforcehimtogetajobifheisnotready(to).,在某些动词后可省略to如：try，尤其是在adj.后。,-Canyoustartthecar?,-Ok,Iwilltry.,.,15,2.并列句中的省略现象,在后一并列分句中凡是与上下文相同的成分通常都要省略,Myofficewasonthetenthfloor,andhis(officewas)onthetwelfth(floor).,.,16,Iwillbuyahouse.Hewill(buyahouse)too.,1)省略动词+宾语或补语,Johnwasthewinnerin1994,andBob(wasthewinner)in1995.,2)省略主语+谓语动词,Westillhaveshortcomings,and(wehave)verybigones,too.,.,17,出现在并列句中的be,have,do,如果在一个分句中作助动词，而在另一个分句中作行为动词，不可省略,Themanhasagunandhasthreatenedtouseit.,Marydidtheworkbutdidnotfinishit.,.,18,3)省略主语+谓语+宾语,TheyhaveincreasedtradewithChinaand(theyhaveincreasedtrade)withotherEast-Asiancountries,too.,Theytriedtopreventthepollution,but(theydid)not(preventpollution)verysuccessfullyatthebeginning.,.,19,并列句的省略有时还可出现在前面的分句中，这时被省略的词语便出现在下文。,Georgewill(takethecourse)andBobmighttakethecourse.,.,20,3.复合句中的省略现象,复合句中的省略现象常见于从句中，主句中的省略通常出现在句首,Hopeyouwillhaveagoodjourney.,Toobadshewontbeabletogototheparty.,.,21,有时整个主句都可省略，这种省略通常出现在简短答中。,-Areyougoingtobuythehouse?,-Unlessmywifeobjects.,-Youalllikethestory?,-Yes,exceptthattheendistoosurprising.,.,22,复合句的省略现象多出现在状语从句中,Althoughhard-working,hecouldntearnenougheventosupporthim,Whenstillaboyofsix,Bobwassentawayfromhome.,Ifnecessary,Illpayhimapersonalvisit.,.,23,Whilecookingdinner,shethoughtofherpast.,Headvisedmenottosayanythinguntilasked.,.,24,引导宾语从句的从属连词只要从句不长，通常都可省略。,Ihope(that)allwillgowell.,Becarefulthatyoudontcatchcold.,.,25,但如果从句较长或从句的语境较复杂,连词that不能省略,Shehasmadeitclearthatshewillhavenothingtodowithhim.,Everybodycouldseewhatanimportantpersonhewas,andthattheyoughttobecarefulnottooffendhim.,.,26,在than或as引起的从句中的省略,Manyothersaredoingbetterthanweare.,Heworksharderthanever.,JaneisastallasI.,Theywilltrytoputtheplanintopracticeasquicklyaspossible.,.,27,3.Rhetoricalellipsis(修辞省略),1.Themostimportantfunction:conciseness(简明)2.Builduptension,expressquickthoughts,etc.3.Emphatic(especiallyattheendofaparagraph),.,28,Forconciseness,NoParking!Forsale.Handlewithcare.USAAttacksd,Examples:,.,29,Builduptension,expressquickthoughts,A:Freeze!Handsup!B:Hey!Hey!Hey!Putthegundown!Putthegun,putthegundown,allright?Icameheretotalksomeintoyou.A:HandsB:Allright,justactprofessional.,.,30,4.Substitution,Thetypes:A.DO-SubstitutionB.THAT/THOSE-SubstitutionC.（the）ONE(s)-SubstitutionD.MINE-SubstitutionE.SO/NOT-Substitution,.,31,A.DO-Substitution,Ithroughthewouldfail,andhedid.(=failed)Sheplaysthepianobetterthanshedoestheguitar.(=play)Thenumberbombdoesntchangeourlives,butthecomputerdoes.(=change)Marystudiesmodernhistoryanddoesntdomodernlanguage.(=study)Doesshedoancienthistory,too?No,shedoesnt,.,32,B.THAT/THOSE-Substitution,II.替代词that和those的用法：1.that和those通常用作指使代词，也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于theone和theones。例如：Thehousesofthericharegenerallylargerthanthoseofthepoor.,.,33,2.that也可替代不可数名词，但是theone则不能3.that作替代词，只能指物，不能指人。those作替代词，既可指物，也可指人。例如：TheblondegirlIsawwasolderthantheoneyouweredancingwith.该句中的theone不能换成that。,.,34,4.that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时，只替代“the+单数名词”，不可替代“a+单数名词”ThesongbySchubertismoretunefulthanthatbyBritain.(that=thesong。song为可数名词。),.,35,C.（the）ONE(s)-Substitution,1.one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如：Mychilddoesntlikethisbook.Showheramoreinterestingone.,.,36,2.替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词one或ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如：Idontlikethisbook.Idlikeamoreinterestingone.,.,37,3.当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如：Ournewballismoreexpensivethantheonewehadbefore.,.,38,4.当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this，that，which和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如：Thisbookismuchbetterthanthat(one).,.,39,5.替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说myone(s)，yourone(s)，Petersone(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。但是，如果有了形容词，one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如：MycheapcameraseemstobejustasgoodasJohnsexpensiveone.,.,40,6.one作替代词时，在of前面不能用theone来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说：*HeputdownhisgunandpickeduptheoneofHenry.该用一个所有格来表示HepickedupHenrys.,.,41,7.当两个形容词表示对照的意思时，不能使用替代词one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如：Dontpraisetheyoungerchildinthepresenceoftheelder.,.,42,8.替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词，又没有形容词时，便不是替代名词词组的中心词，而是替代整个名词词组。这时，one=a+单数名词。例如：Acakemadeofwheatcostslessthanonemadeofrice.(one=acake),.,43,one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当一个不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物，只能用some。例如：Hereareafewapples.Wouldyoulikesome(=someofthem