1经贸合同第一章.ppt

InternationalEconomicandTradeContracts,IntroductiontoThisCourse,Whatisacontract?,Acontractisanagreemententeredintovoluntarilybytwopartiesormorewiththeintentionofcreatingalegalobligation,whichmayhaveelementsinwriting,thoughcontractscanbemadeorally.维基百科ContractsreferredtointhisLawareagreementsbetweenequalnaturalpersons,legalpersonsandotherorganizationsforthepurposeofestablishing,alteringandterminatingmutualcivilrightsandobligations.中华人民共和国合同法,1.CommercialContract:Itisanagreementthatinvolvescommercialtransaction.2.OtherContract:Itisanagreementthatinvolvesotherbehaviors.E.g.themarriagecertificate、theadoptionagreement、internationalconvention.,Objective,Youareableto:UnderstandtheinternationaleconomicandtradecontractwritteninEnglishTranslatethecommercialcontractsWritetradecontractsEnhanceyourEnglishskills.,Contents,BasicsSalescontractPurchasecontractSoleagencycontractContractforassemblingAgreementoncompensationtradeAfinanceleaseagreementServicecontractContractforconstructionofJointventureContractLicensingcontract,teachingmethod,FormatofEnglishcontractContentsofdifferentcontractsExpressions:tradeandeconomictermsTranslationandwriting,LearningMethod,ReviewtheprocessoftradeUnderstandbasiceconomicandtradetermsLearnthetransalationskillsPracticetranslationandwriting,Evaluation,Attendance,Assignments,ClassperformanceFinalassignmentorfinalexam,Part1BasicsofInternationalEconomicandTradecontractsWriting,Unit1BusinessnegotiationandestablishmentofacontractUnit2Formatofacontractunit3LanguageCharacteristicsofEnglishcontractUnit4translationanddraftofanEnglishcontractUnit5Provisionsinrelationtocontractlaw,Thecontractisbasedonanagreement,whichistheresultofbusinessnegotiations.Therearetwotypesofbusinessnegotiations:1.OralNegotiation:Facetofacetalktradefairs:GuangdongSpringandAutumnTradeFairsinternationaltrunkcalls(长途电话),Unit1BusinessNegotiationandestablishmentofacontract,memorandumAfteroralnegotiations,itisbesttomakememorandumimmediately,andthememoshouldbeconfirmedbybothparties.Makingmemoisaneffectivewaytopreventtheemptytalkandtherepetitivenegotiations.E.g.“Weunderstandthenegotiationsachievementasfollows”.,2.Writtennegotiations(1)enquiry：withoutengagementaskinformationofproducts,price,quantity,etc(2)quotationorofferAquotationshouldincludeallthenecessaryinformationrequiredbytheenquiry.Afirmofferisapromisetosellgoodsatastatedprice.Itshouldincludedescriptionofthegoods:thequantity,quality,specifications,packing;timeofshipment,termsofpayment.,实盘,实盘是指发盘人(发价人)对接受人所提出的是一项内容完整、明确、肯定的交易条件，一旦送达受盘人(即接受人或称受发价人)之后，则对发盘人产生拘束力，发盘人在实盘规定的有效期内不得将其撤销或加以变更。表明发盘人有肯定订立合同的意图。如果受盘人在有效期内无条件地接受，就可以达成交易，成为对买卖双方都有约束力的合同。实盘必须同时具备三个条件才能成立：内容必须是完整和明确的,其内容包括货物品名、品质规格、包装、数量、价格等；内容必须是肯定的，无保留条件的；实盘必须规定有效期限。,(3)counter-offerAcounter-offermaybemadeinrelationtotheprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditions.(4)acceptanceNomatterwhetherbusinessnegotiationisconductedinoralwayorwrittenway,thetransactionisconsideredconcludedonceanofferoracounter-offerisaccepted.3.Confirmandsignacontract,Discussion,Whatistherelationshipbetweenbusinessnegotiationandcontractwriting?Whyisbusinesscontractimportant?,Meaningofaawrittencontract,1合同成立的证据。2履行合同的依据。3有时是合同生效的条件。一般来说，接受生效，合同就成立，但在通过信件、电报、电传达成协议的特定环境下，一方当事人要求签订确认书，则签订确认书方为合同成立。此外，如果所签合同必须是经一方或双方政府审核批准的合同，那么这一合同的生效就必须是具有一定格式的书面合同。,Unit2FormatofinternationaleconomicandtradeContract,CategoriesofContractFormatofacontract,CategoriesofaContract,1.Bytitles(1)合同、协议(Contract;Agreement）协议和合同的区别：内容、条款:合同较为具体、详尽，着眼于微观，而协议则较为原则、粗疏，致力于宏观。涉及范围:合同的标的往往比较单一集中，也很明确；而协议的标的往往比较广泛；一项大型项目的协议往往包括或分解成若干个具体的合同。书写格式:合同格式化；而协议的格式相对灵活一些，没有什么固定的格式。狭义的协议和合同并无分别，只是用语上和习惯上的称呼不同。,（2）意向书（LetterofIntent）准合同文件“LetterofIntent”,“MemorandumofUnderstanding”(简称MOU,翻译为谅解备忘录)“MinutesofTalks”(会谈纪要),（3）契约（Covenant,Indenture,Deed,Compact，Protocol）英文合同的约定俗成的名称Covenant,主要指不动产转让的合同或证明文件Indenture通常也是指不动产转让的契约文件Deed一般指地契、房契Compact多用于国家间的协定、协议。Protocol,通常翻译为草约或者议定书，往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据。,（4）其他书函英文合同有时候非常简短，形式上就像信函一样，用简单明确的字眼作为合同的名称，相对于Agreement或Contract类的合同，书函类的合同一般具有补充或附属的性质，而且经常出现在Agreement或Contract类合同的附件中。“Letter”（函）“Waiver”（弃权书）“Guaranty”（保证书）PowerofAttorney（委托书）,2.Bylevelofimportance:writtenform：contract、agreement、confirmation、orderOralform3.Bycontent:salescontract;purchasecontract;technologytransfercontractetc.,Formatofacontract,TitlePreamble(head)BodyWitnessclause(end)Schedules,Exhibits,AppendicesorAnnexes,ComponentsofFormalWrittenContracts,Title(合同名称）Preamble（前文）1)Dateofsigning（订约日期）2）Signingparties（订约当事人）3）Placeofsigning（订约地点）4）RecitalsorWHEREASclause（订约缘由),Body（正文）1)Definitionclause（定义条款）2）Specificconditions（具体条款）3）Generalconditions（一般条款）,Duration（合同有效期限）Termination（合同的终止）Forcemajeure（不可抗力）Assignment（合同的让与）Arbitration（仲裁）Governinglaw（适用的法律）Jurisdiction（诉讼管辖）Notice（通知手续）i.“EntireAgreement”clause（完整条款）j.Amendment（合同的修改）k.Others（其他）,WitnessClause（立证结尾条款）1)Concludingsentence（结尾语）2)Signature（订约人签名）3)Seal（盖印）,1.Contractseal,出于保护合同书的目的，应在合同书上加封面。封面上用简洁的语言记录：合同标题、合同当事人和合同签订日期。Generallythefollowingitemswillberecordedontheseal:ThetitleofcontractThepartiesofcontractThedateofsigning,DATEDJuly1,2007ABCCo,.Ltd.AndDEFCo.,Ltd.LICENSEAGREEMENT,2.Title,ThetypeofthecontractisindicatedinthetitlesuchasSalesContract,PurchaseContract,Consignmentcontract，etc.Throughthetitlewecanknowtheaimofthecontract.,劳动合同（laborcontract）、贷款合同（loancontract）、建筑工程承包和安装合同（contractforconstructionengineeringandinstallationofproject）；技术服务（technicalserviceagreement）、咨询(technicalconsultationagreement)、许可协议（licenseagreement）、代理协议（agencyagreement）、保险合同（insurancecontract),合资企业（jointventurecontract）、章程（articlesofassociation）、合伙协议（partnershipagreement）、股权转让协议（agreementonassignmentofequity）,买卖合同（salescontact）、采购合同（purchasecontact）、运输合同（carriagecontact）、补偿贸易合同(contactforcompensationtrade）,E.g.1ORIGINALContractNo:_SigningDate_TheSeller:_Address:_TheBuyer:_Address:_TheSelleragreestosellandtheBuyeragreestobuytheundermentionedgoodsonthetermsandconditionsbelow:,3.Thepreamble,E.g.2THISAGREEMENT,enteredintoinTokyoonthedayof12October,2007betweenCorporation,acorporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawsoftheStateofNewYork,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat100Broadway,NewYork,N.Y.10005,U.S.A.,hereinafterreferredas“Seller”,andCompany,Limited,acorporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawsofJapan,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat2-1Marunouchi,Chiyodaku,Tokyo,Japan,hereinafterreferredas“Buyer”.,E.g.3ThiscontractismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenShandongZaozhuangChemicalFactory,SongjiangRoad,Xuecheng,Shandong,China(hereinaftercalledtheSellers)andCanadaICIForestProductsINC.(hereinaftercalledtheBuyers).,(1)Thenumberandthedateofthecontract,合同日期包括签字日（dateofsigning）和生效日(effectivedate)。在草拟合同时,通常日期先空出不写,等最后一版供双方签署的时候再写上。Generallyspeaking,thedateofsigningistheeffectivedateofthecontract,unlessthecontracthasotherstipulations.约定合同生效日期早于签字日期：ThisAGREEMENTshallbeeffectiveretroactivelytoSeptember1，2012.约定合同生效日期晚于签字日期：ThisAGREEMENTshalltakeeffectonthedateofOctober1,2012.,各国关于日期的写法不尽相同，故为了避免误解，书写签约日期时不应该用数字表示月份。E.g.china:2007.9.1,U.S.A.:1st.9.2007（wrong）英国式：以日为先，月份为后美国式：以月为先，日期在后如一九九六年三月二日的写法：2ndMarch,1996（英）March2,1996（美）,naturalperson：personalnameLegalperson：legalname合同当事人是法人的，应写上主要机构所在地、法律上的名称、法人的种类和公司设立依据的法律。,(2)Signingparties,a.Typeofcompany,Co.abbreviation.CompanyInc.abbreviation.Incorporated(usedafterthenameofacompanyintheUS)Ltd.abbreviation.Limited(usedafterthenameofaBritishcompanyorbusiness)Plc.abbreviation.Publiclimitedcompany(usedafterthenameofacompanyorbusiness)(BritishEnglish),(1)agency:公司、旅行社、代理行。E.g.Advertising/TravelAgency/ChinaOceanShippingAgency(2)store(s):百货公司。E.g.BeijingWangfujingStores.(3)line(s):航空(运)公司。E.g.Pacificcontainerline.(4)company/corporation(大):公司。(5)factory:工厂。E.g.Radiofactory,wireandcablefactory,cigarettefactory,clothingfactory.,nameofenterprises,(6)plant:机械类、军工类及轻工业类工厂。E.g.Automobileplant,chemicalplant.(7)works:露天工厂。E.g.Gasworks,waterworks,brickworks.(8)mill:作坊(smallscale)。E.g.Woolenmill,silkmill.(9)refinery:冶炼厂。E.g.Saltrefinery.(10)studio:摄影、录影、电影工作室/工厂。E.g.Filmstudio,photostudio.,anessentialfactortodeterminethejurisdictioniflawsuitoccurs.deliveryplacefornotice.Registeredplace注册地whatisthedifference？,b.theprincipalplacesofBusiness,acorporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawsoftheStateofNewYork,c.Applicablelawforformationofacompany,Theabbreviationmayuse“Seller”or“Buyer”accordingtothetradersrole.whenthepartiesroleisnotclear,wecanuse“Asahi”or“N.Y.S.”orothers,d,partiesabbreviation,(3)Thesigningplace,和适用法律以及法院管辖有关因合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者合同履行地人民法院管辖。合同的双方当事人可以在书面合同中协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地人民法院管辖，但不得违反本法对级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。(中华人民共和国合同法),（4）RecitalsorWHEREASclause,Whereasclause+inconsiderationofWhereasPartyBhastherightandagreestograntPartyAtherightstouse,manufactureandselltheContractProductsofPatentedTechnology;whereasPartyAdesirestousethePatentedTechnologyofPartyBtomanufactureandselltheContractProducts;Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremisesandcovenantsdescribedhereinafter,PartyAandPartyBagreeasfollows:,鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品；因此，基于上述诸点认识双方特立契约，约定如下：,4.body,（1）Definition合同中的重要概念可用定义条款加以定义。这样做的优点是避免合同在用语上的繁琐；避免合同内容在理论上缺少一贯性。在定义条款中被下了定义的词语，在以后的各项条款中出现时用大写字母表示。,DefinitionInthisagreementthefollowingtermshavethefollowingmeaningunlessthecontextclearlyrequiresotherwise:“TERRITORY”meansChina.定义除了从上下文理解明显带有其他意思之外，在本合同中以下概念的意思如下：“地域对象”指中国page6,（2）Specificconditions,1.SalescontractSpecification:Quantity:UnitPrice：2.AsoftwareapplicationlicenseagreementThislicensegrantsyouthefollowingrights：Youmaynot:royalty,DurationTerminationForceMajeureAssignmentArbitrationNoticeAmendmentAssignmentEntireagreementGoverninglaw,（3）TheGeneralconditions,a.Duration,合同期间条款指合同效力的生效期及终止期，是合同中必须明确表示的内容。如果没有特别表示，生效期一般是根据合同整体的解释，推测当事人的意思而确定，通常指最后一方当事人在合同书上签名的日子，如果这个日子不明确，则以合同书的做成日期为准。合同到期就会自动失效，如需更新时，一定要明确记载更新手续及延长期间。,E.g.PeriodofAgreement(Duration):ThisAgreementcomesintoforceonthedateonwhichitisapprovedbyTheJapaneseGovernmentandcontinuesforfiveyears.OntheexpiryoftheperiodAmaycontinuethisAgreementforfurtherfiveyearsbytwelvemonthspriorwrittennoticetoB.,b.Termination,合同的终止条款主要是陈述合同需终止的各种情况及在不同情况时需满足的条件。一般可与期间条款合二为一。,c.ForceMajeure,不可抗力条款的内容包括：不可抗力事故的范围、事故的后果、发生事故后通知对方的方式及出具事故证明的机构。IftheshipmentofcontractedgoodsispreventedordelayedinwholeorinpartbythereasonofWar,earthquake,flood,firestormorothercausesofForceMajeure,theSellersshallnotbeliableforthecontract.However,theSellersshallnotifytheBuyersbycable(telex)andfurnishthelatterbyregisteredair-mailwithacertificateissuedbytheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeattestingsucheventorevents.,d.assignment,NeitherPartyshall,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentoftheotherParty,assignanyofitsrightsordelegateanyofitsdutiesunderthisContracttoanythirdparty.,e.Arbitration,中国进出口合同的仲裁有两种规定：一是由中国国际贸易促进委员会对外经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁；二是由被告人所在国或第三国仲裁。常见的仲裁条款有：,Alldisputesrelatingtothiscontractshallbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiation.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiationthecaseshouldthenbesubmittedforarbitration.TheArbitrationshalltakeplaceinthecountrywherethedefendantresidesorinthethirdcountrymutuallyagreeduponbybothparties.,Alldisputesarisinginconnectionwiththiscontractshallbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiation.IncasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiationthecaseshouldthenbesubmittedtotheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionofChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeforArbitrationwithitsProvisionalRulesofProcedure.ThearbitrationshallbeconductedinBeijingandthedecisionmadebythesaidcommissionshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.Thearbitrationfeesshallbebornebythelosingparty.,f.Governinglaw,ThecontractshallbegovernedbytheUnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSaleofGoods.,h.Notice,a.在一定情况下，合同一方当事人有向另一方当事人发出通知的义务，一定行为付之行动之前，必须事先通知对方。一般是先进行以下具体详细的规定:收件人地址、通知的方法及通知的生效时间。b.通知的收件人地址不一定是当事人的地址，一般选择最适合当事人收到信件的地点。c.指定通知的方法一般是航空信件或挂号航空信件。d.通知的生效时间应明确是在通知发出时，还是在通知收到时。,Notice,Notice：Anynotice,request,consent,offerordemandrequiredorpermittedtobegiveninthisAgreement,mustbeinwritingandmustbesufficientlygivenifdeliveredinpersonorsentbyregisteredairmailorbyfaxortelexconfirmedbyregisteredairmaillatter.Noticeisdeemedtohavebeengivenonthedateofmailingexceptthenoticeofchangeofaddresswhichisdeemedtohavebeengivenwhenreceived.,根据本合同的要求或许可发出的所有通知、请求、同意、申请或要求必须以书面形式直接交付对方；或以航空书信的形式发给对方；或采用传真、电报的形式联络之后，以航空书信进行确认的方式交给对方。通常认为通知是在发出日送达的。但是，对地址变更的通知，一般到达日为准认定通知是否送达。,i.Entireagreement,ThisAgreementandtheschedulesheretoconstitutetheentireagreementbetweenthepartiesrelatingtothesubjectmatterhereof.本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的之完整协议.page8,ThisAgreementandtheschedulesheretoconstitutetheentireagreementbetweenthePartiesrelatingtothesubjectmatterhereofandsupersedeallpreviouswritingsandunderstandingsrelatedhereto.本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，并取代双方先前有关本协议的一切书面文件和谅解,j.amendment,NomodificationofthisContractshallbevalidunlessthesameisagreedinwritingbythePartiesheretoandissuedasanamendmenttotheContract.对本合同的任何修改都将无效，除非合同有关各方以书面的形式一致同意，并颁布作为合同的修改本。Anyamendmentofthecontractshallcometoforceonlyafterthewrittenagreementissignedbybothofus.合约的任何修改都应该经过我们双方书面同意以后方可生效。,INWITNESSTHEREFORE,thisContractshallcomeintoeffectimmediatelyafteritissignedbytherepresentativesofthePartiesheretoinduplicate,andeitherpartyheretoshallholdonecopy.COMPANYBy(sign)presidentAttest:(sign)Secretary,5.Witnessclause,COMPANYBy(sign)presidentAttest:(sign)Secretary,ThisagreementiswritteninChineseandEnglishlanguageandissignedintriplicatebyPartyAandPartyBasfollows:Incaseofdifferenceofinterpretation,theEnglishversionshallbevalidforthePartieshereto.本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成，一式三份，经甲乙双方签字如下：如因翻译而出现解释上的差异时，双方应以英文本为准。,Thelanguage(s)inwhichthecontractistobewrittenanditsvalidity,(2)Concludingsentence,INTHEPRESENCEOFthepartiesheretohavehereundersettheirrespectivehandsandseals：作为协议事项的证据，订约双方各自签名盖章如下：,INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartieshaveexecutedthisContractinduplicatebytheirdulyauthorizedrepresentativesonthedatefirstabovewritten.作为所协议事项的证据，双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签订本协议一式两份。,（3）signature,如果合同当事人是法人，例如：XXXCo.,Ltd.ByXXXPresidentAttestXXXAttest为副署，一般由公司的“Secretary”签署。当然，合同当事人签字时在场的人也可以签署Attest。,如果当事人不在场或无法签署，须有代理人代替当事人签名，签名应采用如下方式：,signedforandonbehalfofXXXA（本人）byXXXB（代理人）hisdulyauthorizedattorneyinthepresenceof:XXXC（证明人）,（4）盖章seal,英文合同的签署，根据需要加盖公章。当事人为自然人时，往往没有必要加盖签章，在英国一般在署名的后面贴上豆沙色圆形小纸片，而在美国，则在署名的后面签上“Seal”或“L.S”（注：L.S.为Locussigilli的缩写，意为：placeoftheseal）等字样。当事人为法人时，一般需加盖公司公章（corporateseal），同时由另一名公司成员作为证人签字署名，即Attest，通常情况下由公司的“Secretary”签署。,5.Schedules,Exhibits,AppendicesorAnnexes,附录、附件、附表专利权和商标权的实施许可合同大多有附注或附表。除合同正文之外，一般特设附注及附表条款记录专利及商标的内容（号码、名称、申请日等）。附注及附表可使合同书正文井然有序，通俗易懂，也可使实施许可的权力内容一目了然。,合同条款排列：,章（chapter）A，B，C条（article/section/clause）：1，2，3款：（paragraph）（1），（2），（3）使用款时，其以下内容必须构成一段文章项：（subparagraph）（a），（b），（c）号：（i），（ii），（iii）号是自身不能构成一段文章的句子。Section10.5=第10条第5款,unit3LanguagecharacteristicsofcommercialEnglishcontract,用词专业、正式、准确时态选择语态选择句子冗长、复杂,(1)AttherequestofPartyB,PartyAagreestosendtechnicianstoassistPartyBtoinstalltheequipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist较help正式；(2)ThepersonnelshallnotpartakeinanypoliticalactivitiesinIraq.所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partakein较takepartin正式；,1.useformalorlegalwords,(3)ThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstruedinaccordancewiththelawsofChina.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe较explain，interpret正式；page3,避免使用“动词+名词+介词”的短语（1）PartyAshallmakeanappointmentofitsrepresentativewithin30daysaftersigningtheContract.甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。宜用appoint代替makeanappointmentof.（2）PartyAwillgiveconsiderationtoPartyBsproposalofexclusiveagency.甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。宜用consider代替giveconsiderationto.,2.usesimpleverb,giverecognitiontorecognizehaveknowledgeofknowhaveneedofneedmakepaymentpay,3.同义词连用Synonyms,对一些关键性的词采用同义词连用以克服由于英语词一词多意可能产生的语意不明、避免合同双方按各自的意图来理解合同条文。ThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.本协议由甲方和乙方签订。authorizeandempowerpage3,nullandvoidtrueandcorrectunderstoodandagreedforandonbehalfoffinishandcompleterelieveanddischargeunderandsubjectto,合同中，shall并非单纯表示将来时，而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务，具有约束力，宜译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”；will无论语气还是强制力要比shall弱，宜译为“将”、“原”、“要”；should通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如“万一”,4.use“shall”insteadof“will”or“should”tostrengthentheliabilities,1、ThisContractshallbecomeeffectiveuponandfromthedateonwhichitissigned.本合同签字生效。2、ThisContractshallbewritteninEnglishinfourcopies.Eachpartyshallkeeptwocopies.本合同应以英文写成，一式四份，双方各持两份。,在合同等法律文件中，表示强制性承担法律或合同义务，如表示“应该”或“必须”做某事时，应用“shall”，而决不能用“must”或“should”。TheboardmeetingshallbecalledandpresidedoverbytheChairman.ShouldtheChairmanbeabsent,thevice-Chairmenshall,inprinciple,callandpresideovertheboardmeeting.董事会应由董事长召集并主持，若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集主持。,主持,Preside1.担任会议主席,主持(+at/over)Thegeneralmanagerpresidedatthemeeting.总经理主持了会议。ThePrimeMinisterpresidedattheCabinetmeeting.首相主持了内阁会议。2.管辖;指挥(+over)Themanagerpresidesoverthebusinessofthisstore.经理主管本店的业务。,WILL“will”也表示基于合同的法律义务，和“shall”相比，强制的程度比较弱，通常在表示不至于使用法律强制力的语气时使用。MAY“may”在表示合同上的权利(right)、权限(power)、特权(privilege)时使用。在表示权利时，其权利具有法律强制力时使用“may”，不具有法律强制力时使用“isentitled”。,Shallwillmay,here：thisthere：thatwhere：what/whichhereafter=afterthistime；今后hereby=bymeans/reasonofthis；特此herein=inthis；此中，于此hereinafter=laterinthiscontract；在下文,5.Useherein,thereinandwhereby，etc,thereafter=afterwards；此后，后来thereby=bythatmeans；因此；由此；在那方面therein=fromthat；在那里；在那点上thereinafter=laterinthesamecontract；以下；在下文,whereby=bywhat；bywhich；由是；凭那个wherein=inwhat；inwhich；在哪里；在哪点上Page4.5.6,Hereby:bymeansof;byreasonofthis.特此，因此，兹。Weherebycertifytothebestofourknowledgethattheforegoingstatementistrueandcorrectandallavailableinformationanddatahavebeensuppliedherein（在声明中）,andthatweagreetoprovidedocumentaryproofuponyourrequest.,hereby,“前述”的表达,AboveAbove-mentionedAforementionedAforesaidSaid,“下列”的表达,follows,asbelow,thefollowing1.NOWTHEREFORE,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows;2.NOWTHEREFORE,itisherebyagreedasbelow.3.Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremisesandcovenantsdescribedhereinafter,PartyAandPartyBagreeasfollows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：,ThiscontractisherebymadeandconcludedbyandbetweenCo.(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)andCo.(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)on(date),in(Place),China,ontheprincipleofequalityandmutualbenefitandthroughamicableconsultation.本合同双方，公司(以下称甲方)与公司(以下称乙方)于(日期)在中国(地点),本着平等互利和友好协商的原则特签订本合同。,Hereof:ofthis,关于此点，在本文中。Theterms,conditionsan