印地语字母发音资料

印地语字母发音资料,从网上大学等资料处进行整理,元音发音,发音说明:Alow-midormidcentralunroundedvowel,similartothefirst,de-stressedvowelintheEnglishvertsubject,ortothevowelinEnglishbut,articulatedwiththelipssomewhatclosertogetherthaninsouthernstardardEnglish.,元音Vowels,发音说明:Alowcentralunreoundedvowel,similartothefirstvowelinEnglishfather(butinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciationthevowelisarticulatedfurtherbackinthemouththanisthecasewithHindi).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Aquitehighfrontunroundedvowel,ratherlikethevowelinEnglishsitinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciatino.(InsomepronunciationsofEnglishthevoweliisarticulatedratherlowerinthemouththanisthecasewithHindii.)ManyspeakersofHindioftenemployahigher,tenser,somewhatlongerpronunciationofthisvowelthanthatindicatedhere(inwhichitislessdistinctfromthefllowingvowel,).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Ahighforntunroundedvowel,similartothevowelinEnglishseatinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciation.(InsomepronunciationsofEnglishthevowelisarticulatedlowerinthemouthandmorelaxlythanisthecasewithHindi).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Aquitehighbackroundedvowel,ratherlikethevowelinEnglishputinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciation,thoughtendingtobeslightlyhigher.(InsomepronunciationsofEnglishthevoweluisarticulateddistinctlylowerinthemouththanisthecasewithHindiu.)ManyspeakersofHindioftenemployahigher,tenser,somewhatlongerpronunciationofthisvowelthanindicdatedhere(inwhichitislessdistinctformthefollowingvowel,).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Ahighbackroundedvowel,ratherlikethevowelinEnglishfoodinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciation,butwithslightlylessliproundingthanthisvowelsometimesreceivesinthatpronunciation.(InsomepronunciationsofEnglishthevowelisarticulatedwithmuchlessliproundingthanisthecasewithHindi.),元音Vowels,发音说明:Ahigh-midfrontunroundedvowel,similartothefirstvowelinGermangebenorFrencht.ThissounddoesnotoccurasasinglevowelinmostpronunciationsofEnglish,butissimilartothefirstcomponentofthediphthongheradinthesounternstandardEnglishpronunciationofthewordplay.MostEnglishspeakersneedtotakespecialcarenottopronounceadiphthongfore.,元音Vowels,发音说明:Thesoundrepresentedbythedigraphaiisfrequentlyalowtolow-midfrontunroundedvowel,ratherlikethevowelinEnglishhadinsounthernstandardEnglishpronunciation,buttendingoftentobepronouncedwithaslightlyhigherpointofarticulation(asinmanyotherpronunciationsofthewordhad).Thestudentisrecommendedtoadoptthismonophthongaltypeofpronunciation,whichisfairlynormalinthewesternpartoftheHindilanguagearea.Elsewhereadiphthongalpronunciationofthesoundiscommon(Hindia+shorteusually;sometimesa+i).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Ahigh-midbackroundedvowel,similartothevowelinGermanSohnorFrenchbeau.ThissounddoesnotoccurasasinglevowelinmostpronunciationsofEnglish,butissimilartothefirstcomponentofthediphthongheardinScottishorAmericanpronunciationsofthewordgo.MostEnglishspeakersneedtotakespecialcarenottopronounceadiphthongforo.,元音Vowels,发音说明:Thesoundrepresentedbythedigraphauisfrequentlyalow-midtomidbackroundedvowel,somewhatlikethevowelinEnglishnodinsouthernstandardEnglishpronunciation,butratherlonger,andtendingusuallytobepronouncedwithaslightlyhigherpointofarticulation.Thestudentisrecommendedtoadoptthismonophthongaltypeofpronunciation,whichisfairlynormalinthewesternpartoftheHindilanguagearea.Elsewhereadiphthongalpronunciationofthesoundiscommon(Hindia+shortousually;sometimesa+u).,元音Vowels,发音说明:Allvowelsmaybepronouncedwithorwithoutnasality.Thearticulationofavowelgenerallydoesnotchangewhenitisnasalized;noteparticularlythatnasalizeddoesnothavethevalueofFrenchnasalizedinenfant,whichshowslowback,notlowcentral,vowels.Thepointofarticulationofeando,however,tendstobeslightlyloweredwhenthesevowelsarenasalized.,元音Vowels,发音说明:,元音Vowels,发音说明:,元音Vowels,kGroupVelars软颚音,发音说明:Velarplosive,similartounaspiratedkinEnglishskin(butnottokinmostEnglishspeakerspronunciationofkin,king,etc.,whichisaspirated).,辅音K-GroupVelars,发音说明:Aspiratedconsonantcorrespondstotheunaspiratedconsonant.,辅音K-GroupVelars,发音说明:Velarplosive;asEnglishginthewordgo.,辅音K-GroupVelars,发音说明:Oneofthevoiceaspiratedplosives.Thesesoundsaredifficultforono-Indian(andsomeIndian)learnersofHindi.Thedifficultyistokeepbothplosiveandaspirationvoiced,(accompaniedbyvibrationofthevocalchords),andatthesametimetoavoidallowingavoweltointervenebetweenthem,i.e.toavoidsayingeitherkharorgaharforghar,etc.Constantpracticeofthesesoundsisnecesary.Itmaybehelpfulatfirsttotryrepeatingthesound-grouphg-hg-hgasquicklyaspossible,whenhwillprobablycoalescewithprecedinggasvoicedratherthanvoicelessaspiration(similarlywithhj,hd,etc).Voicedaspiratesbeforeconsonantsandattheendofwordstendtoshowreducedaspiration;thusgharhasmoreaspirationthansamajhn,bgh.,辅音K-GroupVelars,发音说明:Velarnasal;asthefinalconsonantinsouthernstandardEnglishsing.Occurschieflybeforevelark,g,kh,gh,andglottalh.,辅音K-GroupVelars,chGroupPre-palatals颚前音,发音说明:Pre-palatalaffricate;theclosestEnglishequivalentischinchurch,etc.,butHindichasminimumaspiration,andismoretenseinarticulationthanEnglishch.Thestudentwillbehelpedtoavoidaspirationbykeepingthetonguetipdowninthemouth,behindthebottomteeth,andtryingtosaytyratherthanch.,辅音Ch-GroupPre-palatal,发音说明:Aspiratedconsonantcorrespondstotheunaspiratedconsonant.,辅音Ch-GroupPre-palatal,发音说明:Pre-palatalaffricate;similartoEnglishj,butwithamoretensearticulationthanthatwhichisoftenshownbythissound.ThestudentmayproduceamoreIndianjbykeepingthetonguetipdowninthemouthandtryingtosaydyratherthanj.,辅音Ch-GroupPre-palatal,发音说明:Oneofthevoiceaspiratedplosives.Thesesoundsaredifficultforono-Indian(andsomeIndian)learnersofHindi.Thedifficultyistokeepbothplosiveandaspirationvoiced,(accompaniedbyvibrationofthevocalchords),andatthesametimetoavoidallowingavoweltointervenebetweenthem,i.e.toavoidsayingeitherkharorgaharforghar,etc.Constantpracticeofthesesoundsisnecesary.Itmaybehelpfulatfirsttotryrepeatingthesound-grouphg-hg-hgasquicklyaspossible,whenhwillprobablycoalescewithprecedinggasvoicedratherthanvoicelessaspiration(similarlywithhj,hd,etc).Voicedaspiratesbeforeconsonantsandattheendofwordstendtoshowreducedaspiration;thusgharhasmoreaspirationthansamajhn,bgh.,辅音Ch-GroupPre-palatal,发音说明:,辅音Ch-GroupPre-palatal,TGroupRetroflexes卷舌音,发音说明:VoicelessunaspiratedandRetroflexplosive;theclosestEnglishequivalentistheunaspiratedtinsteam,stop,etc.Thetonguetipisretroflexedsothatitsundersidetouchestheroofofthemouth,usuallyfurtherbackthaninthecaseofEnglisht(inwhichthetiptouchesthealveolumorridgebehindtheteeth).NotethattinmostEnglishspeakerspronunciationofteam,top,etc.,isaspirated,andisnotagoodmodelforthearticulationofHindi.,辅音T-GroupRetroflexes,发音说明:Theaspiratedconsonantcorrespondtotheunaspiratedconsonant.Note:handthmustbecarefullydistinguished.,辅音T-GroupRetroflexes,发音说明:,辅音T-GroupRetroflexes,发音说明:Oneofthevoiceaspiratedplosives.Thesesoundsaredifficultforono-Indian(andsomeIndian)learnersofHindi.Thedifficultyistokeepbothplosiveandaspirationvoiced,(accompaniedbyvibrationofthevocalchords),andatthesametimetoavoidallowingavoweltointervenebetweenthem,i.e.toavoidsayingeitherkharorgaharforghar,etc.Constantpracticeofthesesoundsisnecesary.Itmaybehelpfulatfirsttotryrepeatingthesound-grouphg-hg-hgasquicklyaspossible,whenhwillprobablycoalescewithprecedinggasvoicedratherthanvoicelessaspiration(similarlywithhj,hd,etc).Voicedaspiratesbeforeconsonantsandattheendofwordstendtoshowreducedaspiration;thusgharhasmoreaspirationthansamajhn,bgh.,辅音T-GroupRetroflexes,发音说明:Retroflexnasal.Occursbeforeretroflex,h,h,andinSanskritloanwords(whereitisoftenreplacedbydentalnor,whereaneffortismadetodistinguishitfromn,byanasalizedretroflexflap;fortheflapinHindiseebelow).,辅音T-GroupRetroflexes,TGroupDentals舌尖音,发音说明:Dentalunaspiratedplosive,inwhichthetonguetiptouchestheteeth,nottheridgebehindtheteeth.ThisarticulationoftiscommoninEnglishbeforeawordbeginningwithadentalfricative,hesequenceatthe.ItismostimportantthatthestudentshouldmasterthepronunciationoftandotherdentalsoundsinHindianddistinguishthemfromthecorrespondingretroflexes.,辅音T-GroupDentals,发音说明:Theaspiratedconsonantcorrespondtotheunaspiratedconsonant.Note:handthmustbecarefullydistinguished.,辅音T-GroupDentals,发音说明:,辅音T-GroupDentals,发音说明:Oneofthevoiceaspiratedplosives.Thesesoundsaredifficultforono-Indian(andsomeIndian)learnersofHindi.Thedifficultyistokeepbothplosiveandaspirationvoiced,(accompaniedbyvibrationofthevocalchords),andatthesametimetoavoidallowingavoweltointervenebetweenthem,i.e.toavoidsayingeitherkharorgaharforghar,etc.Constantpracticeofthesesoundsisnecesary.Itmaybehelpfulatfirsttotryrepeatingthesound-grouphg-hg-hgasquicklyaspossible,whenhwillprobablycoalescewithprecedinggasvoicedratherthanvoicelessaspiration(similarlywithhj,hd,etc).Voicedaspiratesbeforeconsonantsandattheendofwordstendtoshowreducedaspiration;thusgharhasmoreaspirationthansamajhn,bgh.,辅音T-GroupDentals,发音说明:Dentalnasal,distinguishedfromastfrom,etc.,辅音T-GroupDentals,PGroupLabials唇音,发音说明:Bilabialplosive,similartounaspiratedpinEnglishspin(butnottopinmostEnglishspeakerspronunciationofpin,pat,etc.,whichisaspirated).,辅音P-GroupLabials,发音说明:Aspiratedconsonantcorrespondstotheunaspiratedconsonantp.,辅音P-GroupLabials,发音说明:AsEnglishb.,辅音P-GroupLabials,发音说明:Oneofthevoiceaspiratedplosives.Thesesoundsaredifficultforono-Indian(andsomeIndian)learnersofHindi.Thedifficultyistokeepbothplosiveandaspirationvoiced,(accompaniedbyvibrationofthevocalchords),andatthesametimetoavoidallowingavoweltointervenebetweenthem,i.e.toavoidsayingeitherkharorgaharforghar,etc.Constantpracticeofthesesoundsisnecesary.Itmaybehelpfulatfirsttotryrepeatingthesound-grouphg-hg-hgasquicklyaspossible,whenhwillprobablycoalescewithprecedinggasvoicedratherthanvoicelessaspiration(similarlywithhj,hd,etc).Voicedaspiratesbeforeconsonantsandattheendofwordstendtoshowreducedaspiration;thusgharhasmoreaspirationthansamajhn,bgh.,辅音P-GroupLabials,发音说明:Bilabialnasal;asEnglishm.,辅音P-GroupLabials,YGroupSemivowels半元音,发音说明:Voicelesspre-palatalfricative;similartoEnglishsh,butoftenmoretenseinarticulation.,半元音Y-GroupSemivowels,发音说明:Voicelessretroflexfricative.Canbepractisedbyplacingthetongueinthepositiontopronouce,thenwithdrawingittoallowthepassageofbreath.ThissoundonlyoccursinSanskritloanwordsandisoftenreplacedby.,半元音Y-GroupSemivowels