science and technology 文体学.ppt

TheEnglishofScienceandTechnology,英语一班何荣华20113557罗靖20113566罗瑶20113568杨迎20113577,TheEnglishofScienceandTechnology,ThescopeoftheESTWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,scientistsandengineersneedeconomical,efficientandimpersonalwaysofexpressiontocommunicate,hencethetermofESTborn.ESTincludesmanyfieldsofdiscourse:theEnglishofmathematics,ofphysics,ofchemistry,ofbiology,ofpsychology,oflinguistics,etc.Englishlanguageisthemostcommonforthepublicationofsciencepapers.Twosubvarieties:ESST,ECST,ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.,Generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.,Letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天赋）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.(WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet),Manismetazoanmetzun（后生动物,多细胞动物）,triploblastictriplblstik（三胚层的）,vertebratev:tibrit（脊椎动物）pentadactylpentdktil（adj.有五指的）,mammalianmmeiljn（哺乳动物）,eutherianju:irin（真哺乳亚纲的(动物),primatepraimit（灵长目动物）.Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.(Fromatextbookofbiology),Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter-humanbeing.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,TherearefourmajorfeaturesofESTasfollowsObjective(客观性)Logical（逻辑性）Concise（简约性）Accurate(准确性),GeneralfeaturesofEST,1.Objective,notambiguousorpolysemy(客观性)Wearestruckbytheimpersonalformalstyleandaveryhighconcentrationoftechnicaltermsandanumberofmathematicalsymbols.Theopinionsshouldnotbepersonalandshouldbewidelyacknowledged.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,Weusesomesentencestructurestoproveitsobjectivity.e.g.1.Thestudy/researchhasshownthat.2.Theprocessiscalled.3.Ashasbeentimelyexamined.Passivevoiceseemsmuchmoreobjectivethansubjectivevoice.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,2.Logical(逻辑性)ReasonablesentencestructureshouldbeappliedintoEST.ThebeautyofESTliesinitsuniquesentencestyle.a)Thesentencecouldbearrangedbytime,space,figures,plot,evenagesetc.(横向逻辑)b)Theformofsentences:generalspecial,special-general(纵向逻辑),GeneralfeaturesofEST,e.g.Manufacturingprocessmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwithlargenumberofidenticalpartsbeingproduced.（纵向逻辑）译:制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。,GeneralfeaturesofEST,C)Sometimeswehavetohighlightthepurposeorthefunctionofaprocess,thusweputthefunctionorthepurposeatthebeginningofthesentences.ThisisthelogicalthinkingofEST.e.g.Toensurethecertaindestructionoftuberculosisandotherdiseasegermsinmilk,itmustbeheldatafixedtemperature.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,3.Concise(简洁)ESTarecommonlycompressedbyomittingwordsorpartsofasentence,orbyusingstandardabbreviation.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,Examples：Shortformandabbreviationscp=cooperativeprinciplesCA=constructiveanalysissonar=soundnavigationandranging(声波定位仪)SentencecomparisonScientistsmightsay:TheAMXresultsshowsignificanthandeyecoordinationimpairmentRatherthan:theresultsofthisexperimentshowthatAMXsignificantlyimpairsthecoordinationofhandandeye.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,AccurateAccuracyisthesoulofEST.Thus,ESTtranslationshouldbetransferredinacomprehensivewaywithoutpersonalfeelings.,GeneralfeaturesofEST,Examples:a).WearesatisfiedwiththeresultthatL(x+y)=0(Theresultsseemtobesatisfatory)notconcreteandspecific.b).Door-to-doortranspotation送货上门（delivergoodstoyourhome-notformalandformalizedwayofexpression）clutch离合器deadair静空气,StylisticFeaturesofEST,Grammaticalfeatures(语法特征)Lexicalfeatures（词汇特征）Semanticfeatures（语篇特征）,Field:technicalMode:writtenTenor:formalimpersonalinaccessible,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.Grammaticalfeatures1.1useoflongerandstatement-typesentences1.2impersonalsentencepatterns:passivestructure1.3participlephrases1.4expandedpremodification1.5nominalization1.6simplepresenttense,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.1useoflongerandstatement-typesentenceslongest:38unemotionalstateofmindshortest:20objectivewayofnarrating,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,StatementtypeEg:ThefindingsconfirmtheoriesofhowtheUniversegrewfrombeingalmostuniformlysmoothtohavingdenseclustersofstarsandgalaxies.ThisestablishesafirmlinkbetweenprimordialinstabilitiesintheUniverseandthegraininessweseeinthecosmostoday.,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.2impersonalsentencepatterns:passivestructure:1,3,4,5,11,etcThePassiveVoiceinImpersonalScientificStatementsProbablyone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.ThetenseofthesepassiveverbsisthePresentSimpleortheverbisusedwithmodals.,Grammaticalfeatures,WhyDoesthePassiveMostFrequentlyOccurinEST?Itisclearinmeaning.“Peopleheatthegascarefully.”“Thegasiscarefullyheated.”Itallowsscientiststointroducethemostimportantinformationatthebeginning.“Electronsclosertothenucleusareheldmoretightlythanthoseintheouterorbits.”,Grammaticalfeatures,1.3participlephrasesnon-finitestructureandprepositionalphrases(非谓语结构和介词短语)Scientistsandengineersoftenwanttoexpresswhattheymeanclearlyintheleastpossiblewords,sotheyoftenshortentheirsentencebynon-finitestructure.,Grammaticalfeatures,Examplesfromtextbooka)Whentheyareheatedunderpressure,theconstituents(化学成分)fusetogether。b)Whenheatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether.c)Heatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether.,Grammaticalfeatures,participlephraseseg.Seeingtheripplesfromthemicrowavebackgroundradiationamplifiedintothepatternofgalaxiesisevidenceforaconnectionbetweenthetwo,saysDanielEisenstein,amemberoftheSDSSteamfromtheUniversityofArizona,Tucson.TinyfluctuationsinthedensityofmatteraftertheBigBangaredefinitelyreflectedinthedistributionofgalaxiesinourUniverse,accordingtotworesearchgroups.,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.4expandedpremodificationeg.ThesefluctuationswereseenasripplesinthecosmicbackgroundmicrowaveradiationbyNASAsCosmicBackgroundExplorerin1992，andNASAsWilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbein2003.,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.5nominalizationNominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.e.g.,Nominalizationisanotherwayofmakingsentencescompact,impersonalandformal.Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.,eg.Twoskysurveyshavenowseenevidenceofthefluctuationsintheseparationsofgalaxiesthatexisted10billionyearsaftertheBigBang.Therestisdarkmatter,whichmayconsistofmoreexotic,undiscoveredparticlesthatareonlydetectablethroughtheirgravitationalinfluenceonthesurroundings.,StylisticsfeaturesofEST,1.6simplepresenttenseTheSimplePresentTense(TimelessPresent)TheSimplePresentTenseisusedformakinggeneralizations.ItisthemostcommonlyusedtenseinEST.Carbondioxide(CO2)consistsofcarbonandoxygen.,2.LexicalFeatures,ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:commonwordswithspecificmeaning;highlytechnicalwords;semi-technicalwords;nouncompounds;newlycoinedwords.,2.1specificuseofhighly-technicalwordsHighlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.,eg.bigbang,microwaveradiation,afterglow,subatomicparticles,etc9551=1%,2.LexicalFeatures,2.2semi-technicalwordsSemi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.,Echo反射回波,2.3useofabbreviation,Semanticfeatures,ThemostconspicuoussemanticfeatureofESTistheuseoflanguageinwhichmostofthewordsareintheirconceptualmeaningInotherwords,Rhetoricaldevices,figuresofspeechcanhardlyfindtheirplaceshere,sincethemainpurposeofESTistogiveinformation,nottoshowfeelings.ClarityandfactualityaremoreimportantinESTthaninothervarieties,whichresultedinthefrequentuseofconnectives.,Semanticfeatures,WideuseofconnectivesBackwardreferencewithuseofpron