Hardy and Tess托马斯·哈代简介和作品赏析.ppt

,ThomasHardy(18401928),Contents,PartIHardyslife,ThomasHardywasbornatHigherBockhampton,DorsetonJune2,1840,wherehisfatherworkedasabuilder.,Fromhisfatherhegainedanappreciationofmusic,andfromhismotheranappetiteforlearningandthedelightsofthecountrysideabouthisruralhome.,ChildhoodHardywasfrailasachild,anddidnotstartatthevillageschooluntilhewas8.OneyearlaterhetransferredtoanewschoolinthecountytownofDorchester.At16hewasapprenticedtoalocalarchitect.,AdulthoodHardylatermovedtoLondontoworkasanarchitect.Hebeganwriting,buthispoemswererejectedbyanumberofpublishers.AlthoughheenjoyedlifeinLondon,Hardyshealthwaspoor,andhewasforcedtoreturntoDorset.,PicturesofHardy,MarriageFirst:in1874-EmmaGifford,sister-in-lawofavicar,diedin1912Second:in1914-FlorenceDugdale,hissecretary,awomanalmost40yearsyoungerthanhim.,DeathAfterhisfirstwifesdeath,Hardywasstrickenwithguiltandremorse,buttheresultwassomeofhisbestpoetry,expressinghisfeelingsforhiswifeof38years.,ThomasHardydiedonJan.11,1928athishouseofMaxGateinDorchester.HewishedtobeburiedbesideEmmainStinsfordchurchyard,buthiswisheswereonlypartlyregarded.HisbodywasinterredinPoetsCorner,WestminsterAbbey,andonlyhisheartwasburiedinEmmasgraveatStinsford.,DidYouKnow?,ArumourhaspersistedsinceHardysdeaththatitisnottheauthorsheartthatwasburiedbesideEmma(hiswife).,ThestorygoesthatHardyshousekeeperplacedhisheartonthekitchentable,whereitwaspromptlydevouredbyhiscat.ApparentlyapigsheartwasusedtoreplaceHardysown.Truth?Fiction?Wewillprobablyneverknow.,Hardyslife,:,1870:HardytravelledtoSt.Juliottoplantherestorationofthelocalparishchurch;herehemetEmmaLaviniaGifford,1879:HardyatworkonTheTrumpetMajor.,1881:HardymovedtoWimborne.,1874:ThomasHardymarriesEmmaGifford,1883:theHardysmovedtoDorchester,decidingtobuildahousethere,1896:HisgrowingfinancialindependenceledHardytoreturntohisfirstlove,poetry,1912:EmmaHardydied,1884:HardywasworkingonTheMayorofCasterbridge,1914:marriedtoyoungFlorenceDugdale,1928:HardydiesatMaxGate,Question:WhatishispositiononthehistoryofEnglishLiterature?,OneofthemostimportantnovelistsintheVictorianEraandthefirstimportantpoetinthe20thcentury.Englishpoetandregionalnovelist,whoseworksdepicttheimaginarycountyWessex(Dorset).,Inmanyrespects,Hardywastrappedinthemiddlegroundbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,betweenVictoriansensibilitiesandmoremodernones,andbetweentraditionandinnovation.,PartIIHardysworks,Hardyscareeraswriterspannedoverfiftyyears.HisearliestbooksappearedwhenAnthonyTrollope(1815-82)wrotehisPalliserseries,andhepublishedpoetryinthedecadeofT.S.EliotsTheWasteLand.Hardysworkreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.,Question:Whatarehisrepresentativeworks?,firstnovelaboutcountrylife,firstpublishednovel,firstmasterpiece,TheWessex,ThomasHardywasborninDorset,aruralregionofsouthwesternEnglandthatwastobecomethefocusofhisfiction.TheWessexofThomasHardysnovelsandpoems:,AboutWessex,1.nameofaplace2.naturalsceneryofWessex3.writingstyleoflocal-color4.figuresinWessex5.imaginativeWessex,WessexPoems,WessexPoems,1898PoemsofthePastandPresent,1901TheDynasts,PartFirst,1904TheDynasts,PartSecond,1906TheDynasts,PartThird,1908TimesLaughingstocks,1909SatiresofCircumstance,1914MomentsofVision,1917LateLyricsandEarlier,1922HumanShows,1925WinterWords,1928,Wessexnovels,InhisWessexnovels,thereisanapparentnostalgictouchinhisdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydeclininganddisappearingasEnglandwasmarchingfastintoanindustrialcountry.Andwiththosetraditionalcharactershewasalwayssympatheticandmournsovertheirfailureandmisfortune.Hardysworkreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.,TheMayorofCasterbridge,HardysMajorworks,Poetry:1898:Hardypublishedhisfirstbookofverse,WessexPoems1902:TheDynasts,indramaticblankverse,waspublished1914:AChangedManandOtherTaleswaspublished,Novels:1871:HardypublishedthesensationnovelDesperateRemedies1872:UndertheGreenwoodTreewaspublished1873:APairofBlueEyeswaspublished1874:FarFromtheMaddingCrowdwaspublished,1875:TheHandofEthelbertawaspublished1878:TheReturnoftheNativebeganinserial1880:TheTrumpet-Majorbeganinserial1882:TwoonaTowerwaspublished1885:TheMayorofCasterbridgewasfinished,1891:TessoftheDUrbervillesbeganitsserialrun1894:LifesLittleIronieswaspublished1895:JudetheObscurewaspublishedinbookform1897:TheWell-Belovedwaspublished,Stories:1865:HowIBuiltMyHouse-Hardysfirstpublishedworkandfirstshortstory-appearedinChambersJournal,18March.1883:TheThreeStrangerswaspublished1887:TheWitheredArmwaswritten,AccordingtoHardysownclassification,hisnovelsdivideintothreegroups:Novelsofcharactersandenvironment:人物与环境小说TessoftheDUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝JudetheObscure无名的裘德FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣ThereturnoftheNative还乡TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长UnderthegreenwoodTree绿荫树下Thewoodlanders林地居民,RomancesandFantasies:传奇与幻想APairofBlueEyes一双蓝眼睛TheTrumpet-Major号兵长AGroupofNobleDames一群贵妇人TwoonaTower塔上两个人,NovelsofIngenuity:别出心裁小说TheDesperateRemedies计出无奈TheHandofEthelberta埃塞尔伯塔的手Otherworks:WessexPoems最后一朵菊花.docTheDynasts,Discussion:CharacteristicsofThomasHardysNovels,ThedominantthemeofHardysnovelsisthathumanbeingsarehelplessvictimsofhisfate,chanceandenvironment.HardybelievesthateverythingintheuniverseisdeterminedbytheImmanentWillwhichispresentinallpartsoftheuniverseandisimpartiallyhostiletohumanbeings.Thereforeitisuselessforhumanbeingstostruggleagainsthisfateorenvironment.Thispessimisticviewsoflifeperhapsaccountsforthetragicendingsofmanyofhisnovels.SomecriticspointoutthatHardysnovelsaretheproductsofthecombinationofnaturalismandsymbolism.,Hardyisveryskillfulindescribingnature.Inhiswriting,natureisfulloflife,colour,moodandmystery.MostofHardyscharactersareordinaryworkingpeoplewhodoubttheirownpositionandsocialproblems.Thestructureofhisnovelsisalwayscompact,theplotiscomplicatedandthestoryisinteresting.,Lovingtherightpersonatthewrongtime,Havingthewrongpersonwhenthetimeisright,Andfindingoutyoulovesomeonerightafterthatpersonwalksoutofyourlife.,Thestory,Thenovelcentersaroundayoungwomanwhostrugglestofindherplaceinsociety.Whenitisdiscoveredthatthelow-classDurbeyfieldfamilyisinrealitythedUrbervilles,thelastofafamousbloodlinethatdatesbackhundredsofyears,themothersendshereldestdaughter,Tess,tobegmoneyfromrelationswiththeobviousdesirethatTesswedtherichMr.dUrberville.Thusbeginsataleofwoeinwhichawealthymancruellymistreatsapoorgirl.TessistakenadvantageofbyMr.dUrbervilleandleaveshishouse,returninghometohavetheirchild,whosubsequentlydies.,Throughouttherestofthisfascinatingnovel,Tessistormentedbyguiltatthethoughtofherimpurityandvowstonevermarry.SheistestedwhenshemeetsAngel,thecleversonofapriest,andfallsinlovewithhim.Afterdaysofpleading,TessgivesintoAngelandconsentstomarryhim.AngeldesertsTesswhenhefindstheinnocentcountrygirlhefellinlovewithisnotsopure.Tessisabandoned,andfinallydriventomurderforwhichsheishanged.,Characterstructure,TessofthedUrbervillesRisingAction,TesssfamilysdiscoverythattheyareancientEnglisharistocracy,givingthemallfantasiesofahigherstationinlife;Tesssaccidentalkillingofthefamilyhorse,whichdriveshertoseekhelpfromthedUrbervilles,wheresheisseducedanddishonored.,TessofthedUrbervillesClimax,TesssnewhusbanddiscoversherearlierseductionbyAlecanddecidestoleaveher,goingofftoBrazilandnotansweringherletters,andbringingTesstodespair.,TessofthedUrbervillesFallingAction,Tessslast-ditchdecisiontomarryAlec,whoclaimstoloveher;AngelsreturnfromBraziltodiscoverTessmarriagetoherformerseducer,andhismeetingwithTess;TesssmurderofAlecandshort-livedescapewithAngelbeforebeingapprehendedandexecuted.,TheRiverFroom-TessoftheDUrbervilles,Bramhurst-TessoftheDUrbervilles,TheRiverFroom-TessoftheDUrbervilles,TheBlackmoorVale-TessoftheDUrbervilles,Discussion:theThemesofTess,TheinjusticeofexistenceChangingIdeasofSocialClassinVictorianEnglandMenDominatingWomen,Themes：TheInjusticeofExistenceUnfairnessdominatesthelivesofTessandherfamilytosuchanextentthatitbeginstoseemlikeageneralaspectofhumanexistenceinTessofthedUrbervilles.ChangingIdeasofSocialClassinVictorianEnglandTessofthedUrbervillespresentscomplexpicturesofboththeimportanceofsocialclassinnineteenth-centuryEnglandandthedifficultyofdefiningclassinanysimpleway.MenDominatingWomenOneoftherecurrentthemesofthenovelisthewayinwhichmencandominatewomen,exertingapoweroverthemlinkedprimarilytotheirmaleness.,Discussion:ThecharactersofTessDUrbervilles,AnalysisofTessDUrbervilles,Tessisayoungwomanwhotendstofindherselfinthewrongplaceatthewrongtime.Tessisasimple,innocentandfaithfulcountrygirl.Shefinallybecomesthevictimofthemodernsociety.,Tess,ButTessisalsoastrongwomanthroughoutthenovel.Shestandsupforherselfandrefusestocrumbleunderpressure.ShechastisesherselfforherweaknessafterhersexualescapadewithAlec.Sheclaimsthatthisindiscretionisamomentofweakness.,Tesssfighttothemoribundsociety(腐朽社会).WhenAlecrequiresTessstayathisside,Tessrespondshimfirmly.Never,never!ImadeupmymindassoonasIsaw-whatIoughttohaveseensooner,andIwontcome.ThisprovethatTessresistwithmoribundsocialevilforce.Shewouldntwaitimpatientlytosaveherselffromsocietyfully,shewouldratherrelyonherowneffortstobeimpracticalonevilforceunderthefoot.,(2)Tesssresistancetothetraditionalmoralconcept.Onherweddingsnight,Tessdaresayingherownpastbold,butbetweensheandtraditionalresistanceofmoralconcept,shebelieveswhetherawomanispureornot,isnottolookchastity,themoreimportantthingisthesoulandquality,Tesshasnotbeendefeatedaftersufferingmisfortune.,(3)Tesssresistancetotheunfortunatemarriage.sheagainandagainaskAngel:“Ithought,Angel,thatyoulovedme-me,myveryself!IfitisIyoudolove,Ohowcanitbethatyoulookandspeakso?Itfrightensme!Havingbeguntoloveyou,Iloveyouforever-inallchanges,inalldisgraces,becauseyouareyourself.Iasknomore.Thenhowcanyou,Omyownhusband,stoplovingme?”ThisproveTesssunfortunatefightofmarriage.Shethinksthelosingofthevirginschastitydoesnotmeanlosingthepurityofthelove.,Conclusion,Inaword,Tesshasshownapowerfulwomansimagetocommonpeoplewithherunyieldingspiritofrevolt.She,tothemoribundsociety,traditionaloldmorals,hypocriticalreligion,capitalistmarriagesystem,hascarriedonthestrongestrevealingandcriticism.Herkindheartedenlightenment,nobleemotion,strongpersonality,andherresistanceinimbuingallrootedintheheartsofthepeopleforever,worthsavoring.,AngelClare,AfreethinkingsonbornintothefamilyofaprovincialparsonanddeterminedtosethimselfupasafarmerinsteadofgoingtoCambridgelikehisconformistbrothers,Angelrepresentsarebelliousstrivingtowardapersonalvisionofgoodness.,AngelClare,HisloveforTessmaybeabstract,asweguesswhenhecallsher“DaughterofNature”or“Demeter（希腊谷物女神得墨特尔）.”Tessmaybemoreanarchetypeoridealtohimthanafleshandbloodwomanwithacomplicatedlife.Angelsidealsofhumanpurityaretooelevatedtobeappliedtoactualpeople.,“TessoftheDurbervilles”isThomasHardysmostfamousnovel.UnderHardyspen,theheroineTessiscreatedasanattractiveandwarm-heartedpurewoman,whohasthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.TesshaslongbeenregardedasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.However,thelifeofthispurewomanistragic.Sheisfirstlyseduced,thenabandonedandfinallydriventomurderforwhichsheishanged.Whatisresponsibleforhertragicfate?Whatisthereasonforapurewomantobecomeamurderer?Wecouldnthelpthinkingoverthesequestionsagainandagain.FromthetragicstoryofTessshortlife,wecanseeinadeepersensethatitisthecapitalistsocietyofthetimethathasruinedher.LivinginasocietyoverwhelmedbycapitalistLaw,religionandstateapparatus,Tess,apoorpeasant,inevitablyleadsatragiclifeandfinallygoestohercollapse.,WhokilledTess?,Discussion:Thepoverty?Alecswickedness?Angelsconventionalideas?Tessscharacter?thecru