Reading Skills---- Fast Readig阅读技巧.ppt

FastReading,TechniquesforReadingFaster,EyeMovementPatterns,FastReading,PhysicalFeaturesoftheEye-movementProcess,Left-to-RightProgressionFixationEyeSpanReturnSweepRegression,Eye-MovementPatterns,ObservingEye-MovementPatterns,Fixation注视点,Asyoureyesmoveacrossalineofprint,theymoveandstop,moveandstop.Whenyoureyesstop,orfocus,thisiscalledafixation.,EyeSpan视幅，视距,Asyoureyesstop,orfixate,whileprogressingfromlefttorightacrosstheline,theyseeacertainnumberofwordsorletters.Theamountyouseeduringeachfixationiscalledyoureyespan.Eyespansvariesindividuallyaccordingtothetypeofmaterialyouarereading.,ReturnSweep,Whenyoureyesreachtheendofalineofprint,theyreturntothebeginningofthenextline.Thisreturnmotioniscalledthereturnsweep.Althoughyoureyesarealreadytrainedtoreturnautomatically,thespeedwithwhichtheymakethisreturnisvariable.,Regression回读,Youreyesnormallyprogressinaleft-to-rightdirection,seeingeachwordintheorderitwaswritten.Occasionally,youreyeswillmoveback-ward,orregress,toawordalreadyreadinsteadofmovingtothenextword.Regressionisoftenunnecessaryandslowsyoudown.,ObservingEye-MovementPaterns,Experiment1:ObservingEyeMovementAsktheotherpersontoholdupthebooksothatyoucanseehisorhereyesasheorshereads.Thendirectthepersontostartreadingaparagraph.Asheorshereads,noticehowtheeyesmoveandstop,moveandstop.Alsonoticethereturnsweeptothebeginningofthenextline.,Eye-MovementPatterns,ObservingEye-MovementPaterns,Experiment2:CountingFixationsAsthepersonreads,countthenumberofeyestopsorfixationsmadeoneachline.Bycountingtheaveragenumberofwordsonthelineanddividingitbytheaveragenumberoffixationsperline,youwillbeabletoworkoutthepersonseyespan.,Eye-MovementPatterns,ReducingRegressions,Frequentregressioninterfereswithyourcomprehensionandslowsyoudown.Youcanreduceregressionbyusingthefollowingtechniques:,Eye-MovementPatterns,ReducingRegressions,1.Forceyourselftomoveyoureyesonlyfromlefttoright.Donotregressinthemiddleofasentence.Instead,ifthemeaningofasentenceisunclearafteryouhavefinishedreadingit,rereadtheentiresentence.,Eye-MovementPatterns,ReducingRegressions,2.Useacardtopreventregressiontopreviouslines.Asyouread,slidethecarddownthepagesothatitcoverswhatyouhavealreadyread.,Eye-MovementPatterns,KeyWordReading,FastReading,Example1,Keywordreadingisanewtechnique.Althoughitisfasterthanmostofthecarefulreadingtechniques,thereadermustexpectadecreaseinfactualcomprehensionskill.Insomesituations,itisworththeloss,dependingonthereaderspurposeandthetypeofmaterialbeingread.,Example1,Keywordreadingisanewtechnique.Althoughitisfasterthanmostofthecarefulreadingtechniques,thereadermustexpectadecreaseinfactualcomprehensionskill.Insomesituations,itisworththeloss,dependingonthereaderspurposeandthetypeofmaterialbeingread.,Ourpointhereisreallyverysimple:manybooksarehardlyworthevenskimming.Someshouldbereadquickly;andafewshouldbereadatarate,usuallyquiteslow,thatallowforcompletecomprehension.Itiswastefultoreadabookslowlythatdeservesonlyafastreading;speedreadingskillscanhelpyousolvethatproblem.Butthisisonlyonereadingproblem.,Example2,Ourpointhereisreallyverysimple:manybooksarehardlyworthevenskimming.Someshouldbereadquickly;andafewshouldbereadatarate,usuallyquiteslow,thatallowforcompletecomprehension.Itiswastefultoreadabookslowlythatdeservesonlyafastreading;speedreadingskillscanhelpyousolvethatproblem.Butthisisonlyonereadingproblem.,Example2,WhatIsKeyWordReading?,Keywordreadinginvolvesskippingnonessentialwordsandreadingonlythosewordsandphrasesthatcarrytheprimaryorcoremeaningofeachsentence.,AidstoKeyWordReading,Usingsentencestructurecoreparts:subject:whatthesentenceisaboutpredicate:whatactionoccurredobject:whoorwhatreceivedtheaction,AidstoKeyWordReading,Usingsentencestructure,AidstoKeyWordReading,UsingsentencestructureUsingpunctuation,AidstoKeyWordReading,UsingsentencestructureUsingpunctuationUsingtypographical(排版,印刷的)aidsboldfaceprintcoloredprintitalicscaptalizationunderliningenumberation,AidstoKeyWordReading,UsingsentencestructureUsingpunctuationUsingtypographical(排版,印刷的)aids,AidstoKeyWordReading,UsingsentencestructureUsingpunctuationUsingtypographical(排版,印刷的)aidsUsinggrammaticalstructureManywordsinEnglishlanguageworkverymuchlikeglue-theystickother,moreimportantwordstogether.Thesewordsareusuallyprepositions,conjunctions,orpronouns.,Insummary,itseemssafetosaythatsociety,onthewhole,believesthatindividualscancontroltheirdestiny.,Insummary,itseemssafetosaythatsociety,onthewhole,believesthatindividualscancontroltheirdestiny.,UsingClueWords,E.g.(Whentoslowdown?)Selcetingacareertomatchyourinterests,skills,andabilitiesiscriticallyimportant.However,fewstudentsareabletofindaperfectmatch.Instead,moststudentsmustsettlefor,ReadingRateCues,Speed-UpCues,RepetitiousInformation,Examples,again,inotherwords,thatis,forinstance,suchas,Slow-downCues,Changeinthought,Summary,Conclusion,Emphasis,however,despite,insteadof,insummary,forthesereasonstosumup,inbrief,inconclusion,thus,therefore,mostimportant,itisessential,Maintain-SpeedCues,Continuation,Enumeration(listing),likewise,similarly,inaddition,First,second,next,1),2),ReadingInMeaningClusters,FastReading,Introduction,Word-by-Wordreadingistimeconsumingand,inmanycases,actuallydetractsfromunderstandingthemeaningofasentence.,Example:,spiritsneutralofcombinationaisVodkabringtoaddediswaterThe.waterandneutralSoffinalitstovodka,neutralequallymuchprettyarespiritsbutsubtleformakesthatwatertheisit.differencesappreciable,Thefollowingparagraphiswrittensothatyouwillhavetoreaditfromrighttoleft,forcingyoutoreadeachwordseparately.,WhatisClustering?,Clusteringisthetechniqueofgroupingwordstogether.Clusteringinvolveswideningyoureyespansothatyouseeseveralwordsinonefixation.,HowtoClusterRead,HowtoClusterRead?,Toclustermosteffectively,however,youshouldtrytogroupwordstogetherthatnaturallyfitorgotogether.Whenyougroupwordstogetherinmeaningunits,youwillfindthatitiseasiertounderstandwhatyouread.Bywideningyoureyespan,andtherebyreducingthenumberoffixationsperline,youarereducingthetimeittakestoreadalineandareincreasingyourreadingrate.,Examples:,(Publiclibrariesprovide)(accesstoa)(worldof)(information.Butthey)(alsocontributetothe)(preservationofour)(valuableforests.Each)(librarysavesa)(forestof)(treesby)(makingindividual)(purchaseofbooks)(andperiodicalsunnecessary).,(Publiclibraries)(provideaccess)(toaworld)(ofinformation).(Buttheyalso)(contributetothe)(preservationof)(ourvaluableforests).(Eachlibrary)(savesaforest)(oftrees)(bymaking)(individualpurchase)(ofbooksandperiodicals)(unnecessary).,LearningtoClusterRead,Formoststudents,learningtoreadinclusterrequiresconsiderablepractice.Youmayfindittakesseveralweeksofcontinuedpractice.Todeveloptheskill,trytoreadasmanythingsaspossibleinclusters.Beginbyreadingeasiermaterialinphrases.Asyoubeginclusterreading,youmayfindthatyoufrequentlylapsebackintoword-by-wordreading.Thisisanaturalhappeningsinceyourattentionfocusesonthecontentofthematerialratherthanthetechniqueofreading.Onceyourealizethatyouhavelapsedintoword-to-wordreading,justswitchbacktoclusterreadingandcontinuereading.,Whenyouclusterread,itshouldfeellikethis.Youreyesshouldmoveandstop,moveandstop.Eachtimeyoureyesstoporfixatetheyshouldseeameaningfulphrases.Clusterreadingwillimproveyourcomprehensionandhelpyoureadfaster.,Exercises,Whenyouclusterreaditshouldfeellikethis.Youreyesshouldmoveandstop,moveandstop.Eachtimeyoureyesstoporfixatetheyshouldseeameaningfulphrases,Clusterreadingwillimproveyourcomprehensionandhelpyoureadfaster.,排除冗余信息,Ourenvironmentisgettingworseandworsewit