系统解剖学课件.ppt

宁波大学医学院解剖教研室陈一勇,注意事项,上课安排：总学时111学时讲课43实验68总学分4.5医学院至真楼108人体解剖实验室1穿白衣，医学院学工办赵青老师2值日考核安排：分期末考试（60%），期中考试（20-30%）和平时成绩（10-20%）三部分平时成绩分为网上作业，课后作业，考勤,宁波大学人体解剖学网络课程网址：,宁波大学人体解剖学网络课程网址：,宁波大学人体解剖学网络课程网址：,绪论Introduction,人体解剖学的定义、地位和作用人体解剖学发展简史及我国人体解剖学的发展历程人体解剖学的分科解剖学姿势和常用的解剖学术语,定义(Definition)：人体解剖学(HumanAnatomy)是一门研究正常人体形态和构造的科学，隶属于生物科学的形态学范畴。在医学领域，它是一门重要的基础课程，其任务是揭示人体各系统器官的形态和结构特征，各器官、结构间的毗邻和连属，为进一步学习后续的医学基础课程和临床医学课程奠定基础。,地位(position)：人体解剖学是其他后续医学学科的重要基础课；医学中1/3以上的名词来源于解剖学。“著书不明脏腑，岂不是痴人说梦；治病不明脏腑，何异于盲子夜行。”-王清任医林改错,Hippocrates-希波克拉底（公元前460377）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。,人体解剖学发展简史,Galen-伽林（130200）古希腊名医、解剖学家，著医经，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。,人体解剖学发展简史,Vesalius-(15141564)现代解剖学的奠基人，1543年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。,人体解剖学发展简史,Harvey-(15781657)解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。,人体解剖学发展简史,我国人体解剖学的发展历程,人体解剖学的分科,巨视解剖学macroanatomy,微视解剖学microanatomy,系统解剖学Systematicanatomy,局部解剖学Topographicanatomy,组织学,细胞学,胚胎学,根据研究手段分科,人体解剖学的分科,外科解剖学,X线解剖学,其他分科,成长解剖学,艺术解剖学,应用解剖学,神经解剖学,运动解剖学,断层解剖学,人体的构成,细胞,组织,器官,系统,上皮组织,神经组织,结缔组织,肌肉组织,感觉器,脉管系统,生殖系统,呼吸系统,泌尿系统,运动系统,消化系统,内分泌系统,神经系统,细胞生物学,组织学,解剖学,解剖学姿势（Theanatomicalposition）:,身体直立，两眼平视前方；双足并立，足尖朝前；上肢垂于躯干两侧，手掌朝向前方（拇指在外侧）。Thebodyisupright,legstogether,anddirectedforwards.Thepalmsareturnedforward,withthethumbslaterally.,方位术语（Thetermsofthedirection）:,上superior下inferior前(腹侧)anterior(ventral)后(背侧)posterior(dorsal)内侧medial外侧lateral浅superficial深profound近侧proximal远侧distal,内internal外external,方位术语（Thetermsofthedirection）:,方位术语（Thetermsofthedirection）:,尺侧ulnar桡侧radial,胫侧tibial腓侧fibular,Anatomicalaxesandplanes（轴与面）,轴Axis：垂直轴Verticalaxis矢状轴Sagittalaxis冠状轴Coronalaxis面Plane:矢状面Sagittalplane冠状面Coronalplane水平面Horizontalplane或横切面transverseplane,Anatomicalaxesandplanes（轴与面）,注意：器官的切面一般不以人体的长轴为准而以其本身的长轴为准，即沿其长轴所做的切面叫纵切面longitudinalsection而与长轴垂直的切面叫横切面transversesection。,运动系统Locomotivesystem,运动系统的组成骨bone关节articulation骨骼肌muscle运动系统的功能支持保护运动,约占成人体重的60%,骨总论Introductionoftheosteology,骨的分类Classificationofbone骨的构造Generalstructuresofbone骨的化学成分和物理性质Chemicalcompositionandphysicalproperties骨的发生、发育及骨的可塑性,一骨的分类Classificationofbone,成人共有206块骨Bonesinadultare206innumber.骨可以按照部位和形态分类Bonesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirpositionandshape,按部位,颅骨skull,躯干骨bonesoftrunk,四肢骨appendicularskeleton,中轴骨,骨可以按照形态分类Typesofshapeinclude：,长骨longbone短骨shortbone扁骨flatbone不规则骨irregularbone,含气骨pneumaticbone籽骨sesamoidbone,长骨longbone,骨干Diaphysisorshaft,骺epiphysis,关节面articularsurface,干骺端metaphysis,骺线epiphysialline（由骺软骨epiphysialcartilage骨化而成）,骨髓腔medullarycavity充满骨髓,短骨shortbone,扁骨flatbone,不规则骨irregularbone,骨质,骨膜periosteum,骨髓bonemarrow,骨密质compactbone,骨松质spongybone,红骨髓,黄骨髓,二骨的构造Generalstructuresofbone,二骨的构造Generalstructuresofbone,骨密质compactbone,骨松质spongybone,板障diplo,内板innerplate,外板outerplate,骨的化学成分和物理性质Chemicalcompositionandphysicalproperties,有机质Organicmaterial：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。无机质Inorganicsalts：主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性。,关节总论Introductionofthejoints,骨连接的分类及意义Classificationofjoints关节的基本构造Basicstructuresofarticulations关节的辅助构造Accessorystructuresofarticulations关节的运动movementsofarticulations关节的分类classificationofarticulations,一骨连接的分类Classificationofjoints,人体骨和骨之间借结缔组织、软骨或骨相连形成骨连结。从骨连结的形式可分为直接连结（不动连接）和间接连结（可动连接，关节）两种。,韧带连结Syndesmosis,缝suture,纤维软骨结合Symphysis,骨性结合Synosteosis,间接连结又称关节articulation或滑膜关节synovialjoint是骨连结的最高分化形式，具有较大的活动性。,二关节的基本构造Basicstructuresofarticulations,关节面Articularsurface关节软骨articularcartilage关节囊Articularcapsule纤维膜Fibrousmembrane滑膜Synovialmembrane关节腔Articularcavity,三关节的辅助构造Accessorystructuresofarticulations,韧带Ligaments(lig.):囊外(内)韧带extra-andintracapsularligaments关节盘Articulardisc和关节唇articularlabrum:滑膜襞Synovialfold和滑膜囊synovialbursa,四关节的运动movementsofarticulations,角度运动：1、屈flexion和伸extension2、收adduction和展abdution踝关节的屈又称跖屈，伸又称背伸。旋转运动rotation：内旋和外旋；旋前和旋后环转运动circumduction：移动translation,五关节的分类classificationofarticulations,单轴关节Uniaxialjoints:屈戍关节hingejoints车轴关节trochoid(pivot)joints双轴关节Biaxialjoints:椭圆关节ellipsoidjoints鞍状关节saddlejoints多轴关节Multiaxialjoints:球窝关节ball-and-socketjoint平面关节planejoints,根据参与构成关节骨的数目将关节分为二类：,单关节如掌指关节复关节如肘关节,根据关节的运动形式也可将关节分为二类：单动关节如肩关节联合关节如颞下颌关节,影响关节的灵活性和稳固性因素关节面的形态是决定关节运动轴和运动方式的结构基础，运动轴愈多，运动形式就愈多样化，愈灵活；其次，关节头和关节窝的面积差，也反映出运动的灵活与否，同类关节，两者的面积差愈大，运动幅度也愈大，反之面积差越少，则趋于稳固。再其次，关节囊的厚薄、松紧，周围韧带和肌腱的状况也明显影响着关节的运动。,思考题,解剖学姿势、常用术语骨的形态分类、构造骺软骨与人体长高有何关系？骨的物理性质随年龄怎样变化，为什么？你如何理解“没有解剖学就没有医学”这句话？简答关节的基本构造，辅助构造及关节的运动。,躯干骨及其连结Bonesoftrunkandtheirjoints,椎骨的一般形态和各部椎骨的特征；胸骨的基本形态结构；躯干骨的骨性标志。肋的一般形态、结构；特殊肋的特征。椎骨的连结概况；脊柱的组成、分部和功能；椎间盘的形态、结构、功能及其临床意义；前、后纵韧带的特征；黄韧带的位置和功能；椎骨关节突关节基本结构；棘上、棘间韧带；脊柱整体观的形态与机能特点。胸廓的组成、形态和功能；胸廓上、下口的形态及组成。掌握骨性胸廓的运动。肋和脊柱，肋软骨与胸骨的连结概况。,躯干骨的组成Compositionofbonesoftrunk,尾骨coccyx,椎骨vertebrae,胸骨sternum,躯干骨的组成Compositionofbonesoftrunk,一椎骨vertebrae,幼年时椎骨为32或33块Thereare32/33vertebraeinchildren颈椎CervicalvertebraeC.7胸椎ThoracicvertebraeT.12腰椎LumbarvertebraeL.5骶椎SacralvertebraeS.5骶骨sacrum尾椎CoccygealvertebraeCo.34尾骨coccyx,（一）椎骨的一般形态Generalfeaturesofvertebrae,椎体Vertebralbody椎弓Vertebralarch椎弓根pedicleofvertebralarch:椎上、下切迹sup.andinf.Vertebralnotchlaminaofvertebralarch椎弓板突起process(7):棘突spinousprocess横突transverseprocess上、下关节突sup.andinf.articularprocesses椎孔Vertebralforamen椎管Vertebralcanal椎间孔Intervertebralforamen,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,第1、2、7颈椎属特殊椎骨，将单独介绍C1/C2/C7areatypicalvertebeae,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,VertebraeBody:smallVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:shortandbifidinC3toC5,longinC6,andlongerinC7Transverseprocesses:横突孔shortandbifid,transverseforamenArticularprocesses:horizontal,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,(1)寰椎AtlasC1,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,(1)寰椎AtlasC1,呈环形，无椎体、棘突和关节突Bodyandspinousprocessabsent包括前弓后弓和两个侧块组成consistsofanteriorandposteriorarches,andtwolateralmasses椎动脉沟Grooveforvertebralartery,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,(2)枢椎axisC2,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,1颈椎Cervicalvertebrae,(3)隆椎VertebraprominensC7,棘突特长,末端不分叉,活体易于触及,常作为计数椎骨序数的标志。containslongandnon-bifidspinousprocess,itisvisiblewithneckflexed,usedasclinicallandmarkincountingcervicalandthoracicspinousprocesses,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,2胸椎Thoracicvertebrae,VertebraeBody：heart-shape,上、下肋凹superiorandinferiorcostalfoveaVertebralforamen：smaller,rounderSpinousprocesses：呈叠瓦状long,pointobliquelydownwardTransverseprocesses：横突肋凹transversecostalfoveaArticularprocesses:coronal,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,3腰椎Lumbarvertebrae,VertebraeBody：larger,kidney-shapeVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:projectshorizontallyTransverseprocesses:longArticularprocesses:sagittal,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,4骶骨sacrum,Anteriorsurface:岬promontory,骶前孔anteriorsacralforamina(fourpairs)Posteriorsurface:骶正中嵴mediansacralcrest,骶后孔posteriorsacralforamina(fourpairs),骶管裂孔sacralhiatus，骶角sacralcornuLateralpart:耳状面auricularsurface,骶粗隆sacraltuberosity,二胸骨sternum,胸骨柄Manubriumsterni:颈静脉切迹jugularnotch;锁切迹clavicularnotch胸骨体Bodyofsternum剑突Xiphoidprocess胸骨角Sternalangle:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。thejunctionofmanubriumandbody,whichconnects2ndcostalcartilagelaterally,andliesoppositelowerborderofT4posteriorly,胸骨角Sternalangle,三肋ribs,肋由肋骨和肋软骨组成，共12对。,Generalfeatures真肋Ribs17calledtrueribs假肋Ribs810calledfalseribs浮肋Ribs1112calledfloatingribs,三肋ribs,肋由肋骨和肋软骨组成，共12对。,Posteriorend:肋头costalhead肋颈costalneck肋结节costaltubercleShaft:肋角costalangle肋沟costalgrooveAnteriorend,三肋ribs,非典型的肋,第一肋Firstrib:前斜角肌结节tubercleforscalenusanterior锁骨下动、静脉沟sulcusforsubclavianarteryandvein11thand12thribslackcostalnecks,tuberclesandangles,躯干骨的连结ArticulationsofBonesofTrunk,一脊柱Thevertebralcolumn,脊柱由24块椎骨、一块骶骨、一块尾骨组成。Thevertebralcolumnconsistsof24vertebrae,thesacrum,andthecoccyx.,（一）椎骨间的连结Jointsofthevertebrae,椎体间的连结Jointsofthevertebralbodies椎间盘Intervertebraldiscs前纵韧带Anteriorlongitudinalligament后纵韧带Posteriorlongitudinalligament椎弓间的连结Jointsofthevertebralarches棘上韧带Supraspinalligament项韧带Ligamentumnuchae棘间韧带Interspinalligament黄韧带Ligamentaflava横突间韧带Intertansverseligament关节突关节Zygapophysialjoint,1椎间盘Intervertebraldiscs,是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），椎间盘有中央部的髓核和周围部的纤维环两部分构成。betweenbodiesofadjacentvertebrae,composedof:NucleuspulposusandAnnulusfibrosus.,椎体间的连结,1椎间盘Intervertebraldiscs,椎间盘脱出Heminationofnucleuspulposus,椎体间的连结,2前纵韧带Anteriorlongitudinalligament,椎体间的连结,是椎体前面延伸的一束坚固的纤维束，宽而坚韧，上自枕骨大孔前缘，下达第1或第2骶椎椎体，牢固附着于椎体和椎间盘，有防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出的作用。StrongbandcoveringtheanteriorpartofthevertebralbodiesandintervertebraldiscsrunningfromtheanteriormarginofforamenmagnumtotheS1S2.Maintainsstabilityoftheintervertebraldiscandpreventshyperextensionofthevertebralcolumn.,3后纵韧带posteriorlongitudinalligament,椎体间的连结,位于椎体的后面，窄而坚韧。起自枢椎，下达骶骨。与椎间盘纤维环及椎体上下缘紧密连结，而与椎体结合较为疏松，有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。AttachedtotheposterioraspectoftheintervertebraldiscsandposterioredgesofthevertebralbodiesfromC2vertebratosacrumPreventshyperflexionofthevertebralcolumnandposteriorprotrusionofthediscs.,1黄韧带ligamentaflava,椎弓间的连结,位于椎管内，连结相邻两椎弓板间的韧带，由黄色的弹性纤维构成。黄韧带协助围成椎管，并有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。elasticligament,unitelaminaeofadjacentvertebrae,andcompletetheposteriorwallofvertebralcanal;tendtopreventhyperflexionofthevertebralcolumn.,椎弓间的连结,2棘间韧带Interspinalligament3棘上韧带Supraspinalligament项韧带Ligamentumnuchae4横突间韧带Intertansverseligament5关节突关节Zygapophysialjoint,寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节,1寰枕关节Atlantooccipitaljoint,寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节,2寰枢关节Atlantoaxialjoint,包括三个关节，分别为寰枢外侧关节和寰枢正中关节。Threesynovialjointsbetweenatlasandaxis:Laterally,pairedjointsbetweenarticulatingfacets.Medianjointbetweendensofaxisandanteriorarchofatlas寰枢关节有下列韧带增强：齿突尖韧带apicalligamentofdens翼状韧带alarligament寰椎横韧带transverseligamentofatlas覆膜tectorialmembrane运动：使头作俯仰/侧屈和旋转运动。allowatlas(andhead)topivotontheaxisandvertebralcolumn,（二）脊柱的整体观及运动NormalCurvesandmovementofvertebralcolumn,颈曲Cervicalcurvatureconvexforward胸曲Thoraciccurvatureconvexbackward腰曲Lumbarcurvatureconvexforward骶曲Sacralcurvatureconvexbackward脊柱的运动Movementofthevertebralcolumn屈伸flexionandextension侧屈lateralflexion旋转rotation,（二）脊柱的整体观及运动NormalCurvesandmovementofvertebralcolumn,二胸廓Thoraciccage,（一）组成：由1块胸椎/12对肋/一块胸骨和他们之间的骨连结共同构成。CompositionBonesconsistsoftwelvethoracicvertebrae,twelvepairsofribsandcostalcartilages,andsternum,二胸廓Thoraciccage,（一）组成：由1块胸椎/12对肋/一块胸骨和他们之间的骨连结共同构成。Composition关节Joints:肋椎关节Costovertebraljoints肋头关节Jointsofcostalhead肋横突关节Costotransversejoints胸肋关节Sternocostaljoints第一胸肋结合Sternocostalsynchondrosisoffirstrib胸肋关节Sternocostaljoints肋软骨连结Interchondraljoints:betweencostalcartilages8,9,and10toformthecostalarch肋弓,二胸廓Thoraciccage,（二）整体观Generalfeaturesofthoraciccage近似圆锥形Roughlycone-shape,胸廓上口Inletofthorax:boundedbyupperborderofmanubrium,firstrib,andvertebraT1胸廓下口Outletofthorax:boundedbyvertebraT12,12thand11thribs,costalarchandxiphoidprocess胸骨下角Infrasternalangle:formedbythecostalarchofbothside肋间隙Intercostalspaces:liebetweentheribs,二胸廓Thoraciccage,（三）功能function对胸腔及腹腔上部器官有保护作用。protectstheorgansinthethoraciccavityandupperabdominalcavity参与呼吸运动playsavitalroleintheprocessofbreathing,吸气时Inspiration,呼气时Expiration,思考题,名词解释：胸骨角椎间盘简答：椎骨的一般形态。椎骨的连结概况。胸廓的组成、形态和功能。,上肢骨及其连结Bonesofupperlimbsandtheirjoints,1、上肢骨上肢骨的组成、排列和分部，上肢带骨的形态位置及其主要结构。肱骨、前臂骨（桡骨、尺骨）的形态、位置及主要结构。腕骨的排列顺序。上肢骨的骨性标志。手骨的分部和各骨的形态、结构。2、上肢骨连结理解上肢骨连结的诸形式、结构和功能特点。肩关节的形态、结构和功能及临床意义。肘关节的组成、功能、结构特点及其临床意义。桡腕关节的结构特点和运动。掌握拇指腕掌关节的组成和运动。熟悉前臂骨的连结、腕骨间关节、腕掌关节、掌指关节和指关节的形态结构。,上肢骨Bonesofupperlimbs,组成Composition:上肢带骨Shouldgirdle锁骨clavicle肩胛骨scapula自由上肢骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb肱骨Humerus桡骨Radius、尺骨ulna腕骨Carpal、掌骨metacarpals、指骨phalanges,（一）锁骨Clavicle,“S”shaped,medial2/3convexforwardandlateral1/3convexbackwardSternalend胸骨端mediallyandacromialend肩峰端laterally,（二）肩胛骨Scapula,Twosurfaces前面Anteriorsurfaceconcave:肩胛下窝subscapularfossa后面Posteriorsurface:冈上、下窝supra-andinfraspinousfossae,肩胛冈spineofscapula,肩峰acromionThreeborders上缘Superior:喙突coracoidprocess,肩胛切迹scapularnotch腋缘Lateral(axillary)border脊柱缘Medial(vertebral)borderThreeangles上角Superior:oppositetothe2ndrib下角Inferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalsspace外侧角Lateral:关节盂glenoidcavity,盂上、下结节supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles,（三）肱骨humerus,上端Upperend:肱骨头headofhumerus,解剖颈anatomicalneck,大、小结节greaterandlessertubercles,大、小结节嵴crestsofgreaterandlessertubercle,结节间沟intertuberculargroove,外科颈surgicalneck骨干Shaft:三角肌粗隆deltoid桡神经沟grooveforradialnerveon下端Lowerend:内、外上髁lateralandmedialepicondyles,肱骨小头capitulum,肱骨滑车trochlea,冠突窝coranoidfossaand桡窝radialfossa鹰嘴窝and尺神经沟sulcusforulnarnerve,（四）桡骨radius,上端Upperend:桡骨头headofradius,桡骨颈neckofradius,桡骨粗隆radialtuberosity,和环状关节面articularcircumference骨干Shaft：骨间缘interosseousborder下端Lowerend:茎突styloidprocess,尺切迹ulnarnotch,和腕关节面carpalarticularsurface,（五）尺骨ulna,上端Upperend:鹰嘴olecranon冠突coronoidprocess滑车切迹trochlearnotch桡切迹radialnotch尺骨粗隆ulnartubersity骨干Shaft：骨间缘interosseousborder下端Lowerend尺骨茎突styloidprocess尺骨头headofulna,（六）手骨,腕骨Carpalbones掌骨Metacarpalbones指骨Phalangesoffingers,上肢骨的连结Jointsofupperlimb,组成Composition:上肢带连结胸锁关节sternoclavicularjoint肩锁关节acromioclavicularjoint喙肩韧带coracoacromialligament自由上肢骨连结肩关节shoulderjoint肘关节elbowjoint手关节jointsofhand,（一）胸锁关节Sternoclavicularjoint,上肢骨和躯干骨间连结的唯一关节组成Composition:锁骨的胸骨端与胸骨的锁切迹及第一肋软骨的上面构成。sternalendofclavicle,clavicularnotchofsternum,andfirstcostalcartilage结构特点：1.关节囊坚韧并有韧带加强。2.囊内有关节盘Articularcapsule:strongandisreinforcedbyanteriorandposteriorsternoclavicularligamentsarticulardisc运动：允许锁骨的外侧端向前、向后、向上、向下运动，及旋转和环状。Movements:elevationanddepression,forwardandbackward,rotationandcircumductionoftheacromialendoftheclavicle,（二）肩锁关节Acromioclavicularjoint,组成Composition:锁骨的肩峰端与肩峰的关节面acromionandacromialendofclavicle运动Movement:关节活动度小rotationofscapulaonclavicle,（三）喙肩弓Coracoacromialarch,组成Composition:喙突、肩峰和喙肩韧带共同构成。formedbycoracoacromialligament，coranoidprocess,andacromion作用Function:有防止肩关节向上脱位的作用。thatpreventstheshoulderjointfromsuperiordislocation,（四）Shoulderjoint肩关节,典型的多轴球窝关节,组成Composition:肱骨头、肩胛骨的关节盂headofhumerusandglenoidcavityofscapula结构特点:1.关节囊薄而松弛，尤其是下部。Thinandlax,especiallylowerpart肱二头肌长头腱在结节间滑膜鞘内穿过关节囊Tendonoflongheadofbicepsbrachiipassesthoughthecavity滑膜层可形成滑膜囊或者滑膜鞘,（四）Shoulderjoint肩关节,典型的多轴球窝关节,辅助构造Accessorystructures盂唇Glenoidlabrum:fibrocartilaginousringonperipheryofglenoidcavity喙肱韧带Coracohumeralligament：runsfromcoracoidprocesstogreatertubercle运动Movements:屈伸、收展、旋转和环转。flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,medialandlateralrotation,circumduction,（五）Elbowjoint肘关节,组成Composition:肱骨下段和尺骨、桡骨上端构成lowerendofhumerus,upperendsofradiusandulnaHumeroulnarjoint肱尺关节:humeroulnarjoint肱桡关节:Humeroradialjoint桡尺近侧关节:proximalradioulnarjoint结构特点:1.关节囊两侧壁厚而紧张，并有韧带加强；前后壁薄而松弛，后壁最薄。thinandlaxanteriorlyandposteriorly,stronglythickenedoneithersidebycollateralligaments,（五）肘关节Elbowjoint,2韧带Ligaments:桡侧副韧带Radialcollacteralligament尺侧副韧带UlnarcollacteralligamentAnnularligamentofradius桡骨环状韧带Movements:flexionandextension,pronationandsupination运动movement以屈伸为主，还可以做旋前和旋后运动。flexionandextension,pronationandsupination,（六）桡尺连结Jointsbetweenradiusandulna,桡尺近侧关节Proximalradioulnarjoint桡尺远侧关节Distalradioulnarjoint前臂骨间膜Interosseousmembraneofforearm,（六）桡腕关节Radiocarpaljoint,典型的椭圆关节,组成Composition:结构特点:1.关节囊松弛，关节的前、后和两侧均有韧带加强。laxandstrengthenedbysurroundingligament运动Movements:屈伸、收展和环转flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,andcircumduction,腕骨间关节Intercarpaljoints属于微动关节腕掌关节Carpometacarpaljoints:拇指腕掌关节Carpometacarpaljointofthumb组成composition:大多角骨和第一掌骨底构成运动Movement:屈伸、收展和环转flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,andopposition掌骨间关节Intermetacarpaljoints掌指关节Metacarpophalangealjoints指骨间关节Interphalangealjoints,下肢骨及其连结Bonesofupperlimbsandtheirjoints,1、上肢骨上肢骨的组成、排列和分部，上肢带骨的形态位置及其主要结构。肱骨、前臂骨（桡骨、尺骨）的形态、位置及主要结构。腕骨的排列顺序。上肢骨的骨性标志。手骨的分部和各骨的形态、结构。2、上肢骨连结理解上肢骨连结的诸形式、结构和功能特点。肩关节的形态、结构和功能及临床意义。肘关节的组成、功能、结构特点及其临床意义。桡腕关节的结构特点和运动。掌握拇指腕掌关节的组成和运动。熟悉前臂骨的连结、腕骨间关节、腕掌关节、掌指关节和指关节的形态结构。,下肢骨Bonesoflowerlimbs,组成Composition:下肢带骨Pelvicgirdle髋骨hipbone自由下肢骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb股骨Femur髌骨patella胫骨Tibia腓骨fibula跗骨Tarsals跖骨metatarsals趾骨phalangesoftoes,（一）髋骨hipbone,髂骨ilium耻骨Pubis坐骨Ischium,（二）股骨Femur,上端Upperend:股骨头femoralhead,股骨头凹foveaoffemoralhead,股骨颈neckoffemur,大转子greatertrochanter，小转子lessertrochanter,转子间线intertrochantericline,转子间嵴intertrochantericcrest骨干Shaft:粗线lineaaspera,臀肌粗隆glutealtuberosity,耻骨肌线pectinealline，腘面poplitealsurface下端Lowerend:内、外侧髁medialandlateralcondyles，内、外上髁medialandlateralepicondyles,收肌结节adductortubercle，髁间窝intercondylarfossa,髌面patellarsurface,（二）股骨Femur,股骨颈骨折Fractureofthefemoralneck,（三）髌骨Patella,人体最大的籽骨,（四）胫骨Tibia,上端Upperend:内、外侧髁medialandlateralcondyles,髁间隆起intercondylareminence,腓关节面fibulararticularsurface,胫骨粗隆tuberosityoftibia骨干Shaft:骨间缘interosseousborder,比目鱼肌线solealline下端Lowerend:腓切迹fibularnotch,内踝medialmalleolus,（四）胫骨Tibia,上端Upperend:腓骨头fibularhead腓骨颈neckoffibula骨干Shaft:骨间缘interosseousborder下端Lowerend:外踝lateralmalleolus,颅骨及其连结skullandtheirjoints,1、颅骨颅的组成和功能。脑颅诸骨、面颅诸骨的名称、位置和形态分部。颅侧面观的形态结构。新生儿颅的特征。颅底内、外面观的基本形态结构。眶、骨性鼻腔及骨性口腔的位置，形态结构。鼻旁窦的位置、开口及临床意义。翼腭窝的位置及交通。颅盖内、外面的形态结构。,颅骨及其连结skullandtheirjoints,2、颅骨的连结颞下颌关节的组成、结构及其运动。颅骨的骨性标志。颅骨的连结形式。,颅骨skull,作用Function:颅骨skull由23块骨连结而成，容纳并保护脑、眼、耳、鼻及口等器官。,组成Composition:以由眶上缘至外耳门上缘连线为界脑颅骨Cerebralcranium(8)较大，位于后上方，形成颅腔，容纳和保护脑。larger,upperandposteriorpart,containsandprotectsthebrain面颅骨Bonesoffacialcranium(15)较小，位于前下方，围绕在眼、鼻、口周围。smaller,lower,andanteriorpart,containsbonesthatsurroundedtheeye,noseandmouth,（一）分离颅骨,1脑颅骨Cerebralcranium,不成对的脑颅骨Singlebones:include额骨frontalbone,筛骨ethmoidbone,蝶骨sphenoidbone,枕骨occipitalbone成对的脑颅骨Pairedbones:include颞骨temporalbone顶骨parietalbone,（一）分离颅骨,1面颅骨Bonesoffacialcranium,不成对Singlebones:include下颌骨mandible,犁骨vomer舌骨hyoidbone成对的Pairedbones:include上颌骨maxilla,鼻骨nasalbone,泪骨lacrimalbone,腭骨palatinebone,颧骨zygomaticbone,下鼻甲inferiornasalconcha,（一）分离颅骨,（1）额骨frontalbone分为：额鳞眶部鼻部,（2）蝶骨sphenoidbone分为：蝶骨体body蝶骨小翼Lesserwing蝶骨大翼Greaterwing翼突Pterygoidprocess,（1）蝶骨sphenoidbone分为：蝶骨体body蝶骨小翼Lesserwing蝶骨大翼Greaterwing翼突Pterygoidprocess,（3）筛骨ethmoidbone分为：筛板垂直板筛骨迷路,（3）筛骨ethmoidbone分为：筛板垂直板筛骨迷路,（4）颞骨ethmoidbone分为：鳞部squamouspart鼓部tympanicpart岩部petrouspart,（5）下颌骨mandible分为：下颌体body上缘Superiorborder:牙槽弓alveolararch下缘Inferiorborder:下颌底baseofmandible外侧面Outersurface:颏隆凸mentalprotuberance,颏孔mentalforamen内侧面Innersurface:颏棘mentalspine,二腹肌窝digastricfossa下颌支ramus冠突Coronoidprocess髁突Condylarprocess下颌头headofmandible下颌颈neckofman