Hard-Times 艰难时世.ppt

HardTimes,Revision,CharlesDickens,1812-1870,Serialization,WeeklyinHouseholdWordstoincludethelightofFancywhichisinherentinthehumanbreast.ameretwopennyjournal,wastobefoundoneverytableandineveryroom,inthepalaceandthecottage.PercyFitzgerald.,HouseholdWords,WhilstHardTimeswastheweeklyserial,themagazinecontainedarticlesondivorce,industrialisation,thecircus,educationpoliticaleconomyetc.TheeffectwastoblurthedifferencebetweenthefictionofHardTimesandthejournalisticpieces.AlsowhenHardTimeswasallfact-Stephenandthetradeunionsection,Dickensputinarticlesonthecircus.,School,TheteachersattheschoolareMrandMrsMChoakumchildnotMrGradgrind;heisabusinessmanvisitingtheschooltowhichheisapparentlythepatron.ThechildrenattheschoolareallnumberedbasedonafamousschoolinManchester.WemeetSissyandBitzerhere.,Context,Setin1854attheheightoftheIndustrialRevolutionUrbanisationPoverty,poorsanitaryconditions,diseasee.g.cholera,typhoid,smallpox,longworkinghours,dangerousworkingconditions-Onenewbornchildinsixdied,andhalfthechildrenwhichsurviveddiedofwhoopingcoughordiphtheriainManchesterin1840.,Context,Societyhadchangedfromwherethehomewasasiteofproductionbywoman(food,clothesetc).Inthenineteenthcenturyitbecameasiteofconsumptionalone.Workingclasswomenwereforcedtoworkoutsidethehometosupporttheirfamilieswhichcreatedterriblepressuresonmothers.,Context,DedicatedtoThomasCarlyle,authorofTheFrenchRevolutionCarlylethoughtindustrialisationwasdehumanisingtheworkingclasses.LikeDickens,hewasanti-industrialbecausehedisapprovedofitseffectinsociallevelling.,Utilitarianism,JeremyBentham(ethicalhedonist)greatestgoodforthegreatestnumberFelicificcalculus-algorithmforcalculatingthedegreeoramountofpleasurethataspecificactionislikelytocause.GradgrindisthevoiceofthispoliticalphilosophyCarlylecalledthemsteamengineintellects.DickenstargetistheutilitarianismofJohnStuartMill,PoliticalEconomy(1849)-MostinfluentialeconomicsbookoftheVictorianPeriod,DickensAttackonUtilitarianism,Dickensattackstheuseofstatisticsandenquiriestodeterminepolicy.Dickensattackissurprisinginthatweareinvitedtoalsocondemnthekindofthinkingandthemethodsofenquiryandlegislationwhichinfactpromotedalargemeasureofsocialandindustrialreform.RaymondWilliams(CambridgeUniversity),Dickensattack,Sohisattackonindustrialisationandutilitarianismisnotsimplyaboutreform,itsaboutindividualpersonsagainstthesystem.Williams.HisphilosophyisputintothemouthofSleary,Peoplecantalwathbealearningoraworking.Theymustbeamused.,Themes,Industrialisationvs.natureUtilitarianismandtheworkingofParliamentFactvsfancyEducationTheselfmademanWomenFamiliesMoneyandCommerce,Dickensphilosophy,HeusesSissyJupetoshowhisphilosophyinaction.TheschoolroomcontrastofSissyJupeandBitzerisacontrastbetweentheeducation,practicalbutofteninarticulate,whichisgainedbylivinganddoing,andtheeducation,highlyarticulated,whichisgainedbysystemizationandabstractionTheinstinctive,unintellectual,unorganisedlifeisthegroundhereofgenuinefeeling,andofallgoodrelationships.Williams.,DickensStyle,Earlierworksexaggeratedlargerthanlifecharacterswhodonotchangetheyjustare.AfterMartinChuzzlewitweseecharacterswhoarechangedbycircumstancetheplotdoesnotsimplymovethemalongitmakessomeofthemintodifferentpeople.,Mini-Saga,WritetheplotofHardTimesinnomorethan50words.,TheMillandtheBank,MrBounderbyMrsPeglerMrsSparsitLadyScadgers,GradgrindFamily,SlearysHorse-Riding,SigniorJupeSissyEWBChildersMasterKidderminster,TheFactory,StephenBlackpoolahandRachaelahandSlackbridge-thepoliticalagitatorandtradeunionist,AssessmentObjectives,terminologyandaccuratewritingunderstandingoftextandgenreform,structure,languageotherreadersopinionscontextinwhichtextsarewrittenandunderstood.,Disraeli,Later,in1854,BenjaminDisraeli,PrimeMinister(1874-1880),characterisedthestateofrelationsbetweenBritainsrichandpoorinhisnovelSybil:Twonations:betweenwhomthereisnointercourseandnosympathy;whoareasignorantofeachothershabits,thoughtsandfeelings,asiftheyweredwellersin.differentplanets.,Women,MaxineBerg-ProfessorofHistory,UniversityofWarwickWomencountedinthehighproductivityindustries,makingupoverhalfoftheworkersinthetextileindustry.Althoughmostwomenworkedindomesticservice,womencouldearnhigherwagesinfactoriesandbemoreindependent.,JohnRuskin,WhilstaconservativelikeCarlyle,Ruskin,too,wasagainstindustrialisationandvoicedtheopinionsthatworkerswerenowworseoffthanmedievalserfsbecausetheyhavenopleasureintheworkbywhichtheymaketheirbreadandfeeltheirsoulswitheringwithinthem.,Characterization,“Theemphasiswashelpedbythespeakershair,whichbristledontheskirtsofhisbaldhead,aplantationoffirstokeepthewindfromitsshiningsurface,allcoveredwithknobs,likethecrustofaplumpie,asiftheheadhadscarcelywarehouseroomforthehardfactsstoredinside.”(HardTimes,ChapterOne),“Theemphasiswashelpedbythespeakersmouthwhichwaswide,thinandhardset.Theemphasiswashelpedbythespeakersvoice,whichwasinflexible,dry,anddictatorial.”,SomeDevices,RepetitionExaggerationPhysiognomySimileandmetaphorTricolonSyntacticparallelingSynecdoche(partforthewhole)handsDialogue,Somecharactersmorerealthanothers?,LouisaGradgrindTom,FlatCharacters,MrsGradgrindMrsSparsitMrsBlackpool,Charactersasvehiclesforideas,StephentheHandGradgrind-theUtilitarianSlearytovoiceDickensphilosophyBounderbythemythofselfmademanLouisathevictimofeducationwithoutthewisdomoftheheartSissyloving,imaginative,Setting,CoketownbasedonPreston/Manchesterbutitisaconstructavehicleforideasjustasthecharactersare.WemeetveryfewHandswenevergetafeelforwhatitistheymakeorhowtheylive.Dickensreliesheavilyonauthorialcommentandsymboltoexpressthepoorworkingconditionse.g.theblackladder,theserpentsofsmokeetc.Also,Bounderbysworkforcewouldbeabout40%-wenevergetanyideaofthis.,Coketown,WhydoesDickensmakeCoketownexoticwiththeelephantsandthepaintedfaceofasavage?Isitsimplythatthecantresist?Whatistheeffectonyouthereader?,Horse-riding,OutsideoftheworldofCoketownitissetup