生物英语翻译.ppt

EnglishtoChineseofEnglishforbiology科技英汉翻译要点,faithfulnessExpressivenesselegance,EnglishtoChineseofEnglishforbiology英汉翻译要点,faithfulnessExpressivenesselegance信：忠实达：通顺雅：文雅,EnglishtoChineseofEnglishforbiology英汉翻译要点,Emphasis:Translationofattributeclause,attributeclause定语从句在句法结构上属次要部分，在语言作用上却地位重要，应用极广定语从句结构有简有繁，对先行词限制有强有弱，翻译时需灵活处理。汉语里没有类似英语中定语从句的结构，一般定语放在它所修饰的词之前，只起修饰或限定作用，而定语从句的功能却不止于此。英语从句可很长，可由几个从句并列同时修饰一个名词，可借助关系代词由一个从句套出另一个从句而汉语名词前一般少用结构复杂、描写性的长定语因此，翻译时不都把它前提在名词前译作定语。常用的定语从句译法有：,1.译成前置定语Translatetoclausebeahead,一般说来，限制性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句，虽然不明显地带有限定性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧密，也可译为前置定语。如：,Example1Tobesure,thehumangenomeprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhostudyonthem.,Example1Tobesure,thehumangenomeproject(HGP)wouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhostudyonthem.诚然，人类基因组计划也许能为许多生物学研究者提供就业机会。,Example2Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblemsofenvironment.,Example2Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblemsofenvironment.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是生态环境问题成堆的地方。,如以上例句所示，这种译法最适于翻译较短的限定性定语从句。有时较长的也可采用这种译法，以使修饰关系清晰，句子结构紧凑。如：,译,Thispracticebookisintendedforforeignstudentsofbio-engineeringwhohavealreadymasteredtheelementsofEnglish,andwhonowwanttousetheirknowledgeofthelanguagetoreadbooksontheirsubjects.,ThispracticebookisintendedforforeignstudentsofbioengineeringwhohavealreadymasteredtheelementsofEnglish,andwhonowwanttousetheirknowledgeofthelanguagetoreadbooksontheirsubjects.这本练习课本是给那些已经掌握了英语基础知识而现在要利用学到的语言知识来阅读专业书籍的生物工程学的学生用的。,2.译成后置的并列分句,A一些结构较复杂，或者意思上又较强的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常可译为后置的并列分句。采取这种译法，往往要有重复关系代词来进行代替，经常在这词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等，以使译文明确。如：,Example1（译）Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstep,whichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglyself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabit.,Example1Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstep,whichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglyself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabit.人们也正把戒烟注意力集中在另一种措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。,Example2In1883,anAmericanphysician,A.King,listedtwentyobservations,whichpointedtomosquitoesasfactorinmalaria.,Example2In1883,anAmericanphysician,A.King,listedtwentyobservations,whichpointedtomosquitoesasfactorinmalaria.1883年，美国医生A金列举了二十个观察报告，这些报告表明蚊子是引起疟疾的一个因素。,Example3Matteriscomposedofmoleculesthatarecomposedofatoms.,Example3Matteriscomposedofmoleculesthatarecomposedofatoms.物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是又原子组成的。,译,Example4Theviralgenomeoffootandmouthdiseasevirusconsistsofpositivesense8.5kbssRNA,whichisencapsidatedinanicosahedral(20面体)capsidcomposedof60copieseachofthestructuralproteinsVP1,VP2,VP3andVP4.,Example4Theviralgenomeoffootandmouthdiseasevirusconsistsofpositivesense8.5kbssRNA,whichisencapsidatedinanicosahedral(20面体)capsidcomposedof60copieseachofthestructuralproteinsVP1,VP2,VP3andVP4.,ssRNA:single-strandedRNA口蹄疫病毒基因组为一8.5kb的单股正链RNA,其基因组被一个由60分子亚单位组成的二十面体衣壳蛋白包裹，每分子亚单位由VP1，VP2，VP3和VP4四种结构蛋白构成。,有些定语从句翻译时可不必重复关系代词所代替的词，而将其译成人称代词“他”、“有些”等，使句子简明扼要。如：,Example:译Theefficiencywithwhichemergencyvaccinescanprotectanimalsfromsuchadirect-contactchallengeislargelyunknown.,Example:Theefficiencywithwhichemergencyvaccinescanprotectanimalsfromsuchadirect-contactchallengeislargelyunknown.有些紧急接种的疫苗可以保护动物免遭直接接触感染，而这一点却并不广为人知。,B.非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明，描述或解释，或对整个语句所陈述的事实或现象加以总结概括、补充说明。在汉译时，一般译为后置的并列分句。如：,Example1:InEnglish,attributiveclausesareusedextensively,someofwhichareverylongandcomplicatedinstructure.在英语中，定语从句的运用极为广泛，有的从句很长而且结构复杂。,Example2:译AserotypeO1KaufbeurenFMDVRNAstandard,whichrepresentspartoftheFMDVgenome,wassynthesisedinvitrofromaplasmidcontainingfull-lengthgenomeofFMDVserotypeO1Kaufbeuren.,该口蹄疫病毒的感染性克隆RNA，是依据克隆有O1型的Kaufbeuren口蹄疫病毒株全基因组的质粒上的DNA序列，进行体外合成得到的，它能够表达口蹄疫病毒部分基因组序列。,Example2:AserotypeO1KaufbeurenFMDVRNAstandard,whichrepresentspartoftheFMDVgenome,wassynthesisedinvitrofromaplasmidcontainingfull-lengthgenomeofFMDVserotypeO1Kaufbeuren.,3溶合译法,溶合译法是指把主句与定语从句结合起来译,使之溶合成一个独立的句子。如：,Example1NotonlyDNAaregermplasmwhichcouldtransmitqualitiestosecondarygeneration.,Example1NotonlyDNAaregermplasmwhichcouldtransmitqualitiestosecondarygeneration.并不只有核酸才能把性状遗传给子代。,英语中含有定语从句“therebe.”的结构汉译时常常使用溶合译法。如：,ExampleThereisnothingthatdoesnotcontaincontradiction.ExampleTherewaslittlethatdoctorscoulddoforthepatientinfectedwithoesophaguscancer.i:sfgs,ExampleThereisnothingthatdoesnotcontaincontradiction.没有什么事是不包含矛盾的。ExampleTherewaslittlethatdoctorscoulddoforthepatientinfectedwithoesophaguscancer.医生对食管癌病人无能为力。,译成状语,英语中有些定语从句在内容上含有时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语意思，翻译时往往可以加上相应的词语，以表达出其相应的状语意义。,ExamplePro.Peter,whohadspentyearsonstudyinggeologicalscience,usedtoconsidertheoriginofmankindinthelightofgeologyknowledge.,ExamplePro.Peter,whohadspentyearsonstudyinggeologicalscience,usedtoconsidertheoriginofmankindinthelightofgeologyknowledge.（由于）彼得教授花过多年时间研究地质科学，因而他习惯于根据地质学知识探索人类的起源。,ExampleWecanreadofthingsthathappened5000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.,ExampleWecanreadofthingsthathappened5000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.（因为）在近东人们最早使用文字记事，所以，即使追溯到五千年前那里发生的事情，我们也能知道。,B.表示时间,Electricalenergythatissuppliedtothemotormaybeconvertedintomechanicalenergyofmotion.,B.表示时间,Electricalenergythatissuppliedtothemotormaybeconvertedintomechanicalenergyofmotion.当把电能提供给电动机时，它就能变成能运动的机械能。,C.表示目的,Example1Heiscollectingauthenticmaterialthatproveshisargumentoftricarboxylicacidcycle.traik:bksilikExample2Steelpartsareusuallycoveredthegrease,withwhichtheymaynotrust.,C.表示目的,Example1Heiscollectingauthenticmaterialthatproveshisargumentoftricarboxylicacidcycle.他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他提出的三羧酸循环的论点。Example2Steelpartsareusuallycoveredthegrease,withwhichtheymaynotrust.钢零件通常用润滑油覆盖，免得生锈。,D.表示结果,例1Heateafungus,whichmadehimill.fgs他吃了一个？，结果病倒了。,E.表示条件,例2Apersonisanidealistwhothinksthatrationalknowledgeneednottobederivedfromperceptualknowledge.pseptjul;,E.表示条件,例2Apersonisanidealistwhothinksthatrationalknowledgeneednottobederivedfromperceptualknowledge.如果认为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个唯心主义者。,F.表示让步,例Electroniccomputer,whichhavemanyadvantages,cannotcarryoutcreativeworkandreplaceman.,F.表示让步,例Electroniccomputer,whichhavemanyadvantages,cannotcarryoutcreativeworkandreplaceman.尽管电子计算机有许多优点，却不能进行创造性的工作，代替不了人。,练习,试译下列各句，原文中的定语从句可译为前置定语：,1.Thequestion,whichworrieseveryonetoday,is:howlongwillthesefuelslast?2.Scientistsbelievethattheremustbehundredsofheavenlybodiesintheuniversewherehumanbeingsorsomethinglikehumanbeingsmayexist.,1Thequestion,whichworrieseveryonetoday,is:howlongwillthesefuelslast?今天人人都担心的问题是：这些燃料能维持多久？2Scientistsbelievethattheremustbehundredsofheavenlybodiesintheuniversewherehumanbeingsorsomethinglikehumanbeingsmayexist.科学家们认为，人或类似人的生物能够生存的天体，在宇宙中可能有几百个。,（二）试译下句，原文中的定语从句可译为后置的并列分句：,Smallwonderthenthatmorescientistsarevisitingtheregiontoacquirenewknowledgewhichwillhelpustohaveabetterunderstandingoftheearthasawhole.,Smallwonderthenthatmorescientistsarevisitingtheregiontoacquirenewknowledgewhichwillhelpustohaveabetterunderstandingoftheearthasawhole.难怪现在越来越来的科学家前往该地区以获得新知识，这些知识将有助于我们更好地了解整个世界。,（三）试译下句，把原文中的定语从句溶合成一个独立的句子：,Intime,mensaythattherewereseasons,whichfollowedoneanotherinregularorder.,Intime,mensaythattherewereseasons,whichfollowedoneanotherinregularorder.过了一段时间，人们发现季节按有规律的顺序前后到来。,（四）试译下列各句中的定语从句译成表示原因、时间、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语：,1表示原因,Weknowthatacat,whoseeyecantakeinmoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.,1表示原因,Weknowthatacat,whoseeyecantakeinmoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以在夜里也能看得很清楚。,2表示时间,Healwaysmakesfunofanyonewithwhomhechats.他老是一面和人聊天，一面跟人家开玩笑。,3表示结果,(1)Hedecidednottocompletehisuniversitycourse,whichwasagreatdisappointmenttohisparents.(2)ThereoccurredtheGreatEarthquakesof1923inJapan,whichcausedaseriousdamageofpropertyandagreatlossoflives.,3表示结果,(1)Hedecidednottocompletehisuniversitycourse,whichwasagreatdisappointmenttohisparents.他决定不等大学毕业即行退学，这使他的父母大为失望。(2)ThereoccurredtheGreatEarthquakesof1923inJapan,whichcausedaseriousdamageofpropertyandagreatlossoflives.日本于1923年发生大地震，结果造成了重大的财产和生命损失。,4表示目的,(1)Hewishedtowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentiontothematter.(2)Envoysweresentwhoshouldpromotefriendlyrelationwith