a little cloud.ppt

ALittleCloudJamesJoyce,JamesJoyce,JamesJoycewasborninDublin,sonofatalentedbutfeckless(worthlessandwithoutpurposeorplansforthefuture)fatherwhoisaccuratelydescribedbyStephenDaedalusinAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManasamanwhohadinhistimebeen,“amedicalstudent,anoarsman,atenor(男高音歌手),anamateuractor,ashoutingpolitician,asmalllandlord,asmallinvestor,adrinker,agoodfellow,astoryteller,somebodyssecretary,somethinginadistillery（酿制威士忌的酒厂）,atax-gatherer,abankrupt,andatpresentapraiserofhisownpast.”,AlltheeducationJoycereceivedwasnormalroadtopriesthood.Inhisearlyyouthhewasveryreligious,butinhislastyearatcollegehebegantorejecthisCatholicfaithinfavorofaliterarymissionthathesawasinvolvingrebellionandexile.,Topreservehisintegrity,toavoidinvolvementinpopularsentimentalitiesanddishonesties,andabovealltobeabletore-createwithbothtotalunderstandingandtotalobjectivitytheDublinlifeheknewsowell,hefeltthathehadtogoabroad.,Joycesalmostlifelongexile（放逐）fromhisnativeIrelandhassomethingparadoxical（矛盾）aboutit.NowriterhaseverbeenmoresoakedinDublin,itsatmosphere,itshistory,itstopography(地形);hewroteonlyandalwaysaboutDublin.,Hedespised（鄙视，厌恶）waysofexpandinghisaccountsofDublin,however,sothattheybecamemicrocosms,small-scalemodels,ofallhumanlife,ofallhistory,andofallgeography.,Indeedthatwashislifeswork:towriteaboutDublininsuchawaythathewaswritingaboutallofhumanexperience.,DublinersisabookabouthumanfateaswellasaseriesofsketchesofDublin.Furthermore,thestoriesarepresentedinaparticularordersothatnewmeaningsarisefromtherelationbetweenthem.,Dublinersisacollectionof15shortstoriesbyJamesJoyce,firstpublishedin1914.ThefifteenstoriesweremeanttobeanaturalisticdepictionoftheIrishmiddleclasslifelivinginandaroundDublinintheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.,PublicationofDublliners,wasdelayedforsevenyearsbecausetheIrishpublisherfearedlibel(诽谤，污蔑)suitsfromlocalcitizenswhowerethinlydisguised（掩饰）ascharactersinthestories.,Theinitialstoriesinthecollectionarenarratedbychildrenasprotagonists,andasthestoriescontinuetheydealwiththelivesandconcernsofprogressivelyolderpeople.,Escape,ThecharactersinDublinersmaybecitizensoftheIrishcapital,butmanyofthemlongforescapeandadventureinothercountries.Suchlongings,however,areneveractuallyrealizedbythestoriesprotagonists.,Epiphany,CharactersinDublinersexperiencebothgreatandsmallrevelations（启示）intheireverydaylives,momentsthatJoycehimselfreferredtoas“epiphanies,”awordwithconnotations（隐含意义）ofreligiousrevelation.,Theseepiphaniesdonotbringnewexperiencesandthepossibilityofreform,asonemightexpectsuchmomentsto.Rather,theseepiphaniesallowcharacterstobetterunderstandtheirparticularcircumstances,usuallyrifewithsadnessandroutine（日常事务）,whichtheythenreturntowithresignation（顺从）andfrustration（挫折）.,Windows,WindowsinDublinersconsistentlyevoketheanticipationofeventsorencountersthatareabouttohappen.,Windowsalsomarkthethreshold（门槛）betweendomesticspaceandtheoutsideworld,andthroughthemthecharactersinDublinersobservetheirownlivesaswellasthelivesofothers.,DuskandNighttime,JoycesDublinisperpetually（永久地，永恒地）dark.Nostreamsofsunlightorcheerylandscapesilluminate（照亮）thesestories.Instead,aspectrumofgreyandblackunderscores（强调，使突出）theirsomber（忧郁的）tone.,CharacterswalkthroughDublinatdusk,anin-betweentimethathoversbetweentheactivityofdayandthestillnessofnight,andlivetheirmostprofoundmomentsinthedarknessoflatehours.,Inthisstate,lifecanexistandproceed,butthedarknessrendersDublinersexperiencesdireanddoomed.,ALittleCloud,ThelittlecloudintheBibleputsanendtoalongperiodofdrought（干旱）.HereitcouldrefertothepresenceofGallagherwhoseemstocastalittlecloudoverLittleChandlerslife.Anywayitcanrepresentanythingthatobscuresandcastsshadowsofgloomtroubleandsuspicion.Soitisasignofhopebutofhopedeluded（虚假的）.,CriticalPerspective,InNotesontheAmericanShortStoryToday,RichardKostelanetzdiscussestheEpiphany,oneofJoycesmostsignificantcontributionstoliterature:,InJoycespervasivelyinfluentialtheoryoftheshortstoryweremember,thefictionturneduponanepiphany,amomentofrevelationinwhich,in【critic】HarryLevinswords,“amidthemostencumberedcircumstancesitsuddenlyhappensthattheveilislifted,themysterylaidbare,andtheultimatesecretofthingsmademanifest.”,Theepiphany,then,becameatechniqueforjelling(定型)theNarrativeandlockingthestorysimportintoplaceWhatmadethismethodrevolutionarywastheshiftingofthefocalpointofthestoryfromitsendtoaspotwithinthebodyofthetext,usuallynear(bu