英语教育自考英文学要点

PartoneOldandMedievalEnglishLiterature,1.OldEnglishPoetryand“Beowulf”(贝奥武浦)“Beowulf”thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonandEnglishpeopleAlliteration(头韵）2.MiddleEnglishLiteratureandtheCanterburyTalesTheRomance(describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero)GeoffreyChaucer乔叟the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”,“TheCanterburyTales”isChaucersmasterpiece(storiesnarratedbyPilgrims)heintroducedrhymedcouplettoEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.(Couplet:Astanzaoftwolines,usuallyrhyming.),TheRenaissance,Renaissance(14851660)TheBackground:thesocietywasinitstransitionfromthefeudalismtocapitalism.Revivalorrebirthofclassicalarts,cultureandphilosophyafterthedarkagesofmedievalThekeywordforitishumanism,emphasizedsecularconcerns,expresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.Shakespeare,Spenser,andMarloweareallfamousliteraryfiguresinthisperiod,Utopia(socialism)ThedefinitionofUtopiaisnoplace.,ThomasMore(1478-1535),EdmundSpenser(1552-1599),ApoetspoetTheFaerieQueene,FrancisBacon培根(1561-1626),II.Baconsworks“AdvancementofLearning”学术的推进:“NewInstrument”:新工具theinductivemethodofreasoning3.“NewAtlantics”:anidealsociety新大西岛4.“Essays”/58essays论说文集Awidevarietyofsubjects:love,truth,friendship,beauty,studies,richesHisstyle:clearness,brevity,forceofexpressionhisessaysisanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose,ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593),1.Universitywits,thegreatestpioneerofEnglishdrama2.blankverseVerseconsistingofunrhymedlines,usuallyofiambicpentameter.无韵诗，素体诗3.DoctorFaustus,WilliamShakespeare,thegreatestEnglishpoetanddramatist154sonnets,37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historicalplays,2longpoems.Butforsuchagreatwriter,wehaveverylittledefiniteknowledgeabouthislife.,ShakespearesTragedies,(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)KingLear(4)Macbeth,topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutality(Shylock)hesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandactionTobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeactionSoliloquyormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters,poetry,1.Narrativepoetrytheepictheromancepopularballads2.Lyricpoetrytheelegy(哀诗):alyricpoemlamentingthedeathofanindividual.theode(颂诗):alyricpoemofconsiderablelengthtosinginhonorapersonorathing.Itisseriousinsubjectandformalinstyle.3.Dramaticpoetry:dialogueinthedrama,Sonnet,A14-lineverseformusuallyhavingoneofseveralconventionalrhymeschemes.Rhyme:ababcdcdefefgg3quatrains(3four-linestanza)+1couplet(2lines),TheperiodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution,Historicalbackground:tworevolutions:puritanrevolutionandgloriousrevolutionthetransitionfromtheabsolutemonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy1.twoliteraryschoolsofpoetstheschoolofMetaphysicaltheschoolofCavaliers.2.themostimportantpoet:JohnMilton,MetaphysicalPoetry（玄学派诗歌)ItisthepoetryofJohnDonneandotherseventeenth-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.disliketraditionalpoemScholar,Highlyabstractortheoretical;,JohnMilton约翰弥尔顿,(1)thelastgreatpoemsParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegained复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士参孙.Thetwomostessentialthings:Puritanismandhisrepublicanism.theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.themainideaofthepoemisarevoltagainstGodsauthoritySatanistherealheroofthepoem.SatanledarebellionagainstGodwithhisunconquerablewill.,JohnBunyan(1628-1688)班扬,PuritanauthorHisbestknownwork,ThePilgrimsProgress天路历程areligiousallegory,18世纪英国文学CulturalBackground,1.EnlightenmentMovement启蒙运动AprogressiveintellectualmovementEnlightenersconsidered“Enlightenment”or“education”ofthepeopletobetheirchiefobjective.Theybelievedinthepowerofreason(theageofreason)twogroups:themoderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)（温和派）supporttheprinciplesoftheexistingsocialorder)theradical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)（激进派）crisisSentimentalism（感伤主义）,18世纪英国文学,Complex:Anageofprose(AddisonsessaySwiftssatireFieldingsnovel)1.Neo-classicism新古典Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic(PopeAddisonSteel:modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors)2.Sentimentalism(GrayGoldsmithRichardsonSterne:discontentwiththesocialreality“Heart”)3.ThebeginningofmodernnovelMajornovelists:DefoeSwiftFieldingRichardson,4.Pre-romanticisminEnglishpoetry5.EnglishDrama(Sheridan:theschoolforScandal),Neo-classicism新古典,Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic(modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors)1.AlexanderPope蒲伯:Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体2.JosephAddison艾迪生andSirRichardSteele斯梯尔:TheSpectator旁观者3.SamuelJohnson:Dictionary,AlexanderPope蒲柏,Neo-classicism新古典Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体LinesofiambicpentameterrhymeinpairsPopecarriedthistoitslaststageofperfectionAnEssayonCriticism,Sentimentalism,discontentwiththesocialrealityThomasGray格雷(poem)LaurenceSterne(novel),II.ThomasGray(1716-1771),SentimentalismThegraveyardschool墓园派,Thebeginningofmodernnovel,Smollett:FirstimportantseanovelistLaurenceSterne斯泰恩:SentimentalismSamuelRichardson理查生:Pamela,orVirtueRewarded帕美拉ClarissaHarlowe,orVirtueTriumphant克拉丽莎1.DanielDefoe迪福:RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Robinsonistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.2.JonathanSwift斯威夫特：amastersatiristGulliversTravels格列佛游记3.HenryFielding：FatherofEnglishnovel、ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovelTomJones汤姆琼斯,RomanticisminBritain,TheNewLiteraryTrend(1798-1832)1.Dissatisfactionwiththesociety(1)Arevoltagainstit(2)Anescapefromit2.Anintrospectionintoonesinnerworld(attentiononspiritualandemotionallife)3.Thepassionsofmanandthebeautiesofnature4.Aperiodofpoeticalrevival,(1)TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.(Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley,Keats)(2)TheRomanticperiodisagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb(3)Thisperiodisalsoagreatageofnovels.WalterScottScottshistoricalnovelscombinearomanticatmospherewitharealisticdepictionofhistoricalbackgroundandcommonpeopleslife.Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodrealism.,WilliamBlake布莱克,Symbolism,1.Theearliestpoems:Poeticalsketches素描诗集2.SongsofInnocence天真之歌3.Songsofexperience经验之歌4.famouspoem:ThetigerLondonTheChimneySweeper,.RobertBurns(1759-1796),II.BurnsPoems1.WrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjectsPoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect苏格兰方言诗集2.Songsofloveandfriendship-anewspiritofromanticism“ARed,RedRose”一朵红红的玫瑰3Theruraltheme/Beautiesofnature“MyHeartsintheHighlands”我的心呀在高原,SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治,Poeticandcritic“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”1798古舟子咏“KublaKhan”1816忽必烈汗WordsworthandColeridgess抒情歌谣集,WilliamWordsworth威廉华兹华斯,Wordsworthspoems1.“Lucy”-harmonybetweenhumanityandnature露西组诗(SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays）2.“TheSolitaryReaper”-patheticpicturesofthelabouringpeople孤寂的刈麦人3.“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”-deeplovefornature,GeorgeGordon,“ChildeHaroldsPilgrimage”1812恰罗德哈罗德游记“DonJuan”1812-1823masterpiece唐璜agreatcomicepicoftheearly19thcentury.The“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin名诗：SheWalksinBeauty;TheIslesofGreece,PercyByssheShelly雪莱(1792-1822),1.“QueenMab”:麦布女王Hisfirstlongpoemexpressesalmostallhismajorpoliticalideas.2.“PrometheusUnbound”:解放了的普罗米修斯Hismasterpiece;alyricaldrama.3.Lyricsonnatureandlove:e.g.“OdetotheWestWind”;“ToaSkylark”西风/云雀颂“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”,JohnKeats(1795-1821),NotnobleDiedofTBDiedat25,JohnKeatssOdes,.,OdeonMelancholy,Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassion.,OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂,Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthehappyworldofnaturallovelinessandhumanworldofagony,OdetoAutumn秋颂,OdeonaGrecianUrn希腊古瓮颂,OdetoPsyche,TheDevelopmentofVictorianLiterature,VictorianLiterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallyhaditsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeopleslifeandthought.thegreatperiodofthenovelinBritainCriticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople,TheGenresofVictorianLiterature,1)Thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronteElizabethGaskellGeorgeEliot,RobertBrowning勃朗宁(1812-1889),themostoriginalpoet,whoimproveandmaturethedramaticmonologue戏剧独白,TheBrownings,WroteanadmiringlettertoElizabethBarret(aninvalid,apoet,sixyearselder)famousromancesecretelywedded,elopedtoItalyin1846SonnetsFromthePortuguese(lovepoemstoherhusband)葡萄牙十四行诗RobertTheringandbook(poeticdrama)MylastDuchess(dramaticmonologue)Apoeminwhichasinglecharacter,addressingasilentlistener,explainshisactionsatanimportantmomentorcrisisinhislifeHomeThoughtsFromAbroad,AlfredTennyson(1809-1892),PoetLaureateArealartistinventsdramaticmonologue,JaneAusten简奥斯丁1775-1817,1.NorthangerAbbey诺桑觉寺2.SenseandSensibility理智与情感3.PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见4.MansfieldPark曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.Persuasion劝导,Austenswritingstyle,1.Thefounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddle-classpeople.2.Vividpicturesofeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysociety,thesmallworldshelivedin3.Delicatedescriptionofthedailytalksanddoingsofyoungpeople4.Quietironyandanalysisofcharacter,CharlesDickens(1812-1870),oneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwritersoftheVictorianAgefamousforhisforcefulsocialcriticismurbanpoor(Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople)Character-portrayalisthemostdistinguishingfeatureofhisworksAminglingofhumorandpathos悲伤,CharlesDickens,ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub匹克威克外传OliverTwist奥利弗退斯特AmericanNotes美国札记TheOldCuriosityShop老古玩店DombeyandSon董贝父子DavidCopperfield大卫科波菲尔HardTimes艰难时世ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectation远大前程,Thackeray(1811-63)萨克雷,RepresentativeofcriticalrealismdifferentfromDickens,LessinterestedindirectsocialcriticismShowingpeoplesvanityandtheirdeludedeffortstoachievewealthandsocialstatus,萨克雷的主要作品,ThebookofSnobs(1846-47)势利者集VanityFair(1847-48)名利场Pendennis(1848)潘登尼斯HenryEsmond(1852)亨利爱德芒德纽卡姆一家TheNewcomes(1853)弗吉尼亚人TheVirginians(1857),VanityFair名利场,VanityFairisThackeraysmasterpiece.ThetermvanityfairoriginatesfromtheallegoricalstoryThePilgrimsProgress,byJohnBunyan.Thesub-titleofthebook,“ANovelWithoutaHero”(thecharactersareallflawedtoagreaterorlesserdegree)Thenovelsatirizessocietyinearly19th-centuryEngland(characterisedbyhypocrisyandopportunism).,GeorgeEliot(1819-1880),MaryAnnCross,insightfulpsychologicalnovels（心理小说）,Writingaboutlifeinsmallruraltowns,乔治艾略特主要作品,亚当比德AdamBede(1859)弗洛斯河上的磨坊TheMillontheFloss(1860)织工马南SilasMarner(1861)米德尔玛契Middlemarch(1871-1872)-aportraitoflifeinaprovincialtown,isconsideredhermasterpiece.Asawomanofexceptional(特有的)intelligenceandlifeexperience,sheshowsaparticularconcernforthedestinyofwomen,TheBronteSisters,CharlotteBronte(1816-1855)JaneEyreShirleyProfessor,AnneBronte安妮勃郎特AgnesGrey艾格尼斯格雷,EmilyBronte爱米丽勃郎特1818-1848WutheringHeights呼啸山庄（Heathcliff）,简爱JaneEyre(1847),JaneEyreMr.RochesterThecentertheme:womenshouldhaveequalrightswithman.（Thepositionofwomaninsociety）Theproblemofthebourgeoissystemofeducation;Theproblemoforphan;,ThomasHardy,WorksUndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)绿茵下FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)远离尘嚣TheReturnoftheNative(1878)还乡TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长TessoftheDUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝JudetheObscure(1896)无名的裘德,HisprincipalworksaretheWessexnovels,i.e.novelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.Hetruthfullydepictstheimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmers威塞克斯小说.Hispessimisticphilosophyseemstoshowthatmankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife.,Englishliteratureattheturnofthecentury,TheturnofthecenturyOscarWilde(1854-1900),JohnGalsworthyGeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950),OscarWilde(1854-1900),IrishpoetanddramatistTheliteraryschoolofdecadenceapostleofAestheticism“artforartssake”.,(hisonlynovel)ThePictureofDorianGray(1891)道林格雷的画像剧作hiscomicmasterpiecesTheImportanceofBeingEarnest(1895)埃耐斯特的重要性.LadyWindermeresFan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子AnidealHusband理想丈夫童话TheHappyPrince.(hisfairytalesespecially)快乐王子,JohnGalsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥,Thefirsttrilogy“TheForsyteSaga”福尔塞世家:TheManofProperty(1906)有产业的人（ItwasalandmarkinthedevelopmentofGalsworthysart.Itestablishedhisplaceinliteratureasarepresentativeofbourgeoisrealisminthe20thcenturyEnglishnovel.）InChancery(1920)骑虎难下Tolet(1921)出租;Thesecondtrilogy,“AModernComedy”:现代喜剧TheWhiteMonkey(1924)白猿TheSilverSpoon(1926)银匙SwanSong(1928)天鹅曲,BernardShaw,Shawwasanessay-writer，languagescholarandcritic，blemplays.,BernardShaw,WidowersHouses鳏夫的房产Mrs.WarrensProfession华伦夫人的职业TheDevilsDisciple魔鬼的门徒ManandSuperman人与超人MajorBarbara巴巴拉少校HeartbrokenHouse伤心之家TheAppleCart;苹果车,ABriefIntroductiontoModernEnglishLiterature,TheeffectsoftheFirstWorldWar:AnewageinEnglishliteratureJamesJoyceVirginiaWoolfD.H.LawrenceW.SomersetMaughamJosephConradT.S.EliotTheeffectsoftheSecondWorldWaronEnglishliteratureWilliamGlodingDorisLessingTedHughes,Traditionalwriter,SomewritersshowcontinuitywiththeVictoriantraditionofthenovelGeorgeBernardShaw（1856-1950），H.G.Wells（1866-1946），E.M.Forster（1879-1970）,H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯,Wellsiscelebratedasapopularizerofscience，buthisbestnovelsexploreserioussocialandculturalthemes，科幻小说：TheTimeMachine时间机器,E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）,APassagetoIndia印度之行HowardsEnd霍华德庄园TheLongestJourney最漫长的旅程TheRoomWithAView可以远眺的房间WhereAngelsFeartoTread天使们忘而却步的地方,WilliamSomersetMaugham(1874-1965)毛姆,Works1915OfHumanBandage人性枷锁1919TheMoonandSixpence月亮与六便士1930CakesandAle寻欢作乐1944TheRazorsEdge刀锋1951shortstories,ArnoldBennett，1867-1931,NaturalismOldWivesTale老妇谭,JosephConrad康拉德(1857-1924),bybirthaPoleHisexperienceasasailormadetheseahisfavoritetheme.Conradsnarrativesmayresembleadventurestoriesinincidentandsetting，buthisrealconcerniswithissuesofcharacterandmorality.,Hisworks,HeartofDarkness黑暗的心灵LordJim吉姆老爷AnOutcastofprogress文明的前哨TheChance机缘TheNostromo诺斯特罗莫ThesecretAgent间谍“TheNiggeroftheNarcissus”(1899)isamagnificentandsymbolicstoryofashipinastorm.水仙号上的黑鬼,WhilethesewritersshowcontinuitywiththeVictoriantraditionofthenovel，moreradicallymodernwritingisfoundinthenovelsofJamesJoyce（1882-1941），ofVirginiaWoolf（1882-1941），andofD.H.Lawrence（1885-1930）.WhereJoyceandWoolfchallengetraditionalnarrativemethodsofviewpointandstructure，LawrenceisconcernedtoexplorehumanrelationshipsmoreprofoundlythanhispredecessorsTheprincipalwritersofthe1920sturnedinwardtostudythehumanmindandtheindividualsresponsetomodernlife.,Modernism,(1)Areactionagainstrealism(2)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.,(3)Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.,(4)Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.,JamesJoyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯,IrishnovelistSecondonlytoShakespeareinhismasteryoftheEnglishlanguagedefinitelyestablished“streamofconsciousn