了解蒙古-我们最陌生的邻居ppt课件

,蒙古Mongolia,1,Flag,Theflagsbluecentersymbolizestheeternalbluesky.Thetworedsidessymbolizeprogressandprosperity.ThegoldenSoyombostandsontheredstripenearesttotheflagpole.,2,Nationalsymbol,TheSoyomboistheMongoliannationalsymbol(itisattributedtoZanabazar,17thcentury).Aflameatthetoprepresentstheblossomingandcontinuationofthefamily.ItsthreeprongssignifyprosperityfortheMongolianpeopleinthepast,present,andfuture.ThesunandcrescentsymbolizetheoriginoftheMongolianpeople.Thetrianglesexpressthepeoplesdeterminationtodefendthecountrysfreedomandindependence.Thetoponerepresentstriumphoverinternalenemies,whilethebottomsymbolizesvictoryoverexternalenemies.Therectanglesstandforhonesty,justice,andmeritocracy.Twointertwinedfishsymbolizevigilanceandwisdom,asfishneverclosetheireyes.Thetwoverticalrectanglesonthesidessignifyfortresswalls,asymboloftheMongoliansaying,Twohumansinfriendshiparestrongerthanwallsofstone.,3,History,ArcheologicaldigshaveuncoveredhumanremainsintheGobiandotherregionsofMongoliadatingbacknearly500,000years.TheMongolswerenomadicpeopleofnorthernAsiaandwerelittlemorethanalooseconfederationofrivalclans.Inthelate12thcenturyChinggiskhaanhadunitedmostoftheMongoltribes,andallthosewhodwelledinfelt-walledtents“.,4,History,TheMongolDominance,1300-1405.ThiswastheheightoftheMongolsglory:theempirestretchedfromKoreatoHungaryandasfarsouthasVietnam,makingitthelargestempiretheworldhaseverknown.,5,MongolianKhaans,ChinggisKhaan(1162-1227),KhubilaiKhaan(12151294),6,History,TheGenghisKhanimprintedinthememoryofthewestbearslittlerelationtotheChinggisKhaanreveredbyMongolians.ToEuropeans,thenameepitomizesmercilessnessandwarmongering;totheMongolians,itembodiesstrength,unity,lawandorder.ChinggisKhaanwasalsogenerousandloyal.Ahighlycharismaticman,henonethelessalsoexpectedloyaltyfromeveryone,includingthosewhoservedhisopponents.Heisreputedtohaveputtodeathpeoplewho,thinkingtheywouldgainhisgoodgraces,betrayedtheirlordstohim.GhinggisKhaansgrandson,KhubilaiKhaancompletedthesubjugationofChina,endingtheSongdynastyandbecomingemperorofChinasYuandynasty(1271-1368).,7,History,ThesuccessoftheMongolconquestsshouldbeattributedatleastinparttothemilitaryintelligence.TheMongolshadaextensivenetworkofspiesandhadextensiveinformationofanenemybeforetheyengagedtheminbattle.Theiruseofdiplomacywasremarkable.Advancedmilitarytactics.Psychologicalwarfare.Manypeoplesfounditeasiertosubmitthantoresist.,8,History,Inthemid14thcenturyYuandynastydisintegratedandMongolsreturnedtoMongolia.On1December1911,independencefromManchuwasdeclared,withatheocraticgovernmentundertheleadershipofthe8thJebtzunDamba.ChineseoccupiedthecapitalofMongoliain1919.Inearly1921,retreatingWhiteRussiananticommunisttroopsenteredMongoliaandexpelledtheChinese.MongoliannationalistsaskedtheRussianBolsheviksforhelp.TogethertheyrecapturedUlaanbaatarinJuly1921.On26November1924,theMongolianPeoplesRepublic(MPR)wasdeclared.,9,10,Facts,Area:1,566,000sqkmPopulation:2.6millionPeople:KhalkhMongols(86%),Kazaks(6%),Chinese(2%),Russian(2%),aboutadozenotherethnicgroupsLanguages:Mongolian(official),Kazakh,Russian,ChineseReligions:TibetanBuddhism,Muslim,Shamanism,11,Politicalsystem:ParliamentaryRepublic.Legislature:Parliament,IkhHural,with76seats,electedforfouryears.HeadoftheState:Presidentelectedforfouryears.Government:PrimeMinisterappointedbyIkhHuralforfouryears.,12,Majorindustries:Copper,livestock,cashmere,woolMajortradingpartners:Russia,China,SouthKorea,Japan,US,13,Ulaanbaatar,ThecapitalcityislocatedalongtheRiverTuultrimmedbyBogdKhanMountaininthesouthandsurroundedbythreeothermountainranges.,Itisthehomeforthequarterofthenationspopulation.,14,Lifestyle,thefivedomesticatedanimalsreveredbynomads,15,Lifestyle,16,Cultureandlifestyle,Mongolianshaveahighregardforhorsessince,forcenturies,theyhavereliedonthemfortransport,sustenance,andcompanionship.,17,Environment,Mongoliaisoneofthehighestcountriesintheworld,withanaverageelevationof1580m(5180ft).TheMongolAltaiNuruuarepermanentlysnowcapped,andtheirhighestpeakis4370m(14,350ft).,18,Environment,LakeKhovsgolisoneofthecountryslargestandmostspectacularareas.Its380cubickmofwatermakeitthefourteenthlargestfreshwaterlakeintheworldbyvolume,withabout2%oftheworldsfreshwater.Thelakeis136kmlongand36kmwide.Atitsdeepest,thelakedives262meters.,19,Environment,ThesouthernthirdofMongoliaisdominatedbytheGobiDesert.Thereare33differentGobi,wheresandydesertoccupiesonly3percentofthetotalterritory.Wildasses,camels,snowleopards,mountainsheepandgazellesflourishhere,asdodifferenttypesofflora.TheGreatGobiReservationestablishedin1975wasdesignatedbytheUnitedNationsasthefourthlargestBiosphereReserveintheworldin1991.,20,Environment,21,Environment,Dinosaurskeletonsandtheirpetrifiedeggshavebeenpreservedheretothepresentday.Mongoliaisconsideredtobetheorigincountryofruminantanimals.,Tyrannosaur,22,Wildlife,23,Wildlife,WildcamelorKhavtgai,WildhorseorTakhi,GobiBearorMazaalai,AsiaticWildAssorKhulan,24,Wildlife,25,Domesticanimals,Thetwo-humpedBactriancamel(367,000camelsinthecountry).Theyweredomesticatedthousandsofyearsagoandarecloselyrelatedtotherarewildcamelknownaskhavtgai.CamelsareperfectforlongdistancetravelintheGobi,butareslow(averageabout5km/hour);easytomanage(acamelcanlastforoveraweekwithoutdrinkandamonthwithoutfood);adaptable(acamelcansurvivethehardestwinter);cancarryalotofgear(upto250kg);andprovidewool(anaverageof5kg/year);milk(upto500litersayear)andmeat.,26,TRADITIONALCLOTHES,Mongolsdoliketowearnice,richlydecoratedclotheswhichcompensatethesimple,asceticnomadiclifestyle.Aharshclimateanduneasylifedemandattentiontothesmallestdetailsofclothes.,27,Womencostume,Mongolianwomentraditionallyhavehadlonghairs.Tomaintainanddecorateelaboratehair-do,womenusedmanytypesofgoldenandsilverhair-pinsandslides,oftenpreciousstones.SoexoticandcolorfulareMongolianclothesthatFrenchartistsworkingonthelatestepisodeoftheStarWarscouldnotresistbuttoadoptafulldressofaMongolianwomanforQueenAmadala.,28,Religion,InMongolia,therewereabout700monasteries,butafterthecommunisttakeoverin1921monasterieswereclosedandallreligiousworshipandceremoniesoutlawed.Since1990theresbeenarevivalofBuddhism(andotherreligions).ThereisasignificantminorityofSunniMuslimsinthefarwesternregions,mostofwhomareethnicKazaks.,29,Culture,Inthepoweroftheeternalheaven,theorderoftheoceanickhanofthepeopleoftheGreatMongols,theconqueredpeoplemustrespectitandfearthem.TheSealofGuyugKhaan(1206-1248),30,Culture,Mongoliaspaintings,musicandliteraturearedominatedbynomadismandTibetanBuddhism.Triosingingafolksong.Mongoliannationalmusicalinstruments:horse-headfiddleandkhuuchir.Example:,31,Culture,TheancientreligiousmaskdancingTsamisoneofthesignificantreligiousritualsreflectingbuddhistteachingthroughcorrectapostolicimagesandessence.TheTsamdanceceremonywasfirstintroducedintoMongoliaintheVIIIcenturywhenthefamousIndianSaintLovonBadamjunaiwasinvitedtoMongoliatosanctifytheconstructionofthefirstTibetantempleSamya.Itisatheatricalartperformedbyskilleddancersbearingtheexternalappearanceandcharactersofdifferentapostlesanddevils,animalsorrealpeople.Itrequiresmagnificentlyornamentedcostumes.,32,Relations,MongolianshavealwaystakenwholeheartedlytoTibetanBuddhism.TheleaderofTibetanBuddhismDalaiLamasvisitedMongoliaseveraltimes.,33,NAADAMFESTIVAL,TheNadaamfestivalisthebiggestfestivaloftheyearforMongolians.UsuallyoccurringinJuly,itrunsforthreedaysinallpartsofthecountryandhighlightsthegreatestathletesinhorseracing,archery,andwrestling.Thisfestivalhasbeenheldforcenturiesasaformofmemorialcelebration,asanannualsacrificialritualhonoringvariousmountaingods.,34,Horserace,Duringtheraces,upto1,000horsescanbechosentocompete.Thehorseracesarebrokendownintosixcategoriesbasedontheageofthehorses.Forexample,two-year-oldhorsesracefor10miles(16km)andseven-year-oldsfor17miles(30km).Theraceisconductedontheopengrasslandswithnosettrackorcourse.,35,Childrenfromtheagesof5to13arechosenasjockeysandtheraceteststhehorsesskillandtheriders.,Horserace,36,Archery,ArcherywasaninseparablepartofMongolianhistoryeversinceitwasinventedsome20,000yearsago.AstonemonumentraisedduringChingisKhaantimesstatesthatamarksmannamedEsukheihitata