同等学力英语语法总结

同等学力英语 比较状语从句 常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较） 特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as , so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她和她妈一样脾气暴躁。 The house is three times as big as ours. 这所房子是我们的三倍大。 The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 越锻炼你就越健康。 Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。同等学力英语 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的连词和词组：although, though（虽然）；even if，eventhough（即使）；as，while（尽管）；whetheror（不论还是）；whoever，nomatterwho（无论谁）；whenever, no matter when（无论何时）；however，nomatterhow（无论怎样）；whatever，nomatterwhat（无论什么）等。 （1）although和though都表示“虽然”，但although比though正式，更多用于句首；二者都可与yet，still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用： He didnt stop working though（或although）he was ill. 他虽然病了，但未停止工作。 (2)as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序，可用though代替，但比though语气强，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语和动词原形： Child as（或though）he is, he knows a lot.表语；名词 他虽然是个孩子，但懂得很多。 当表语是可数名词单数时，不能加不定冠词a（或an）。 Good as he is, he will never be top of his class.表语；形容词 他虽然很好，但他决不会成为班上的尖子。 Hard as（或though）he works, he makes little progress.状语；副词 虽然他工作很努力，但却几乎没有进步。 Try as（或though）he might, he could not find a job.谓语；动词原形 不管他怎么努力，他还是找不到工作。 （3）while有时可引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首： While I like the color, I dont like the shape. 我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。 （4）whatever（或whenever）和nomatterwhat（或when）二者都可引导让步状语从句，但前者有时还可以引出主语从句和宾语从句等，后者却不行： Whatever（或No matter what）you say, I wont believe you.（状语从句） 不管你说什么，我决不相信你的话。 Ill eat whatever（no matter what）you give me.宾语从句 你给我什么我就吃什么。 同等学力英语 方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的连词：as（如同）；asif（或asthough）（好像）。 （）as和like都有“就像”的意思，as是连词，后加句子；like是介词，后加名词、代词或名词性短语： I work as others do(或likeothers). 我像别人那样工作。 （）asif，asthough两者意义相同，从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气，asif比asthough更常用： They are talking as if (或asthough)they had seen a ghost. 他们谈着话，就像是见了鬼。 asif和asthough有时可引导表语从句。同等学力英语 条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的连词或词组：if，suppose，supposing（that），provided，providing（that），onconditionthat（如果，假如）；unless（除非）；so（或as）longas（只要）；incase（万一）。 在条件状语从句中，要用一般时态代替将来时（和时间状语从句相同）： You will miss the train if you dont hurry. 你要不快点，就会误了火车。 will表示“愿意”时，是情态动词，可用与条件状语从句： If you will go, please tell me. 如果你愿意去的话，请告诉我。 （）unless在意义上等于ifnot，但比if语气更强：You will fail unless you study hard. (= You will fail if you do not study hard.) 除非你努力学习，否则你要失败。 if可用于虚拟语气，unless不用于虚拟语气。 （）suppose和supposing（that）相当于if。 （）provide，providingthat，onconditionthat，so（或as）longas相当于onlyif： As long as ( = Only if) you dont lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。 （）incase Do tell us in case you have any trouble. 万一有什么困难，一定告诉我们。 incase引导目的状语从句时也可用should表示可能性小些。同等学力英语 结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的连词：sothat，suchthat（如此以致于）；sothat，that（结果）等。 （）sothat，suchthat 常用句型为： so形容词（或副词）that so形容词a（或an）单数可数名词that sucha（或an）（形容词）单数可数名词that such（形容词）复数可数名词that such（形容词）不可数名词that suchthat He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow him. 他讲得太快，我跟不上。 It was such a good day（= It was so good a day）that we all went swimming. 天气那么好，我们都去游泳了。 The film was such that everyone was deeply moved. 电影如此精彩，观众都被深深打动了。 “somany（或much，few，little）名词”，“suchalotof（或lotsof）名词”是习惯用法，不可乱用。 （）sothat，that都可以表示结果，sothat较常用，that多见于口语中： He didnt study hard, (so) that he failed in the exam. 他没用功学习，结果他考试没及格。 sothat引导目的状语从句时，该从句中常用may（或might）等情态动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中多不用情态动词，而且从句前有逗号；再者可根据上下文判断。同等学力英语 目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that, so that（为了）；for fear that, in case, lest（以免）等。 （）in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词，现在时态常用may，can或will；过去时态常用could，should或might（含义正式），有时也用would。in order that比sothat正式，inorderthat引导的从句可位于主句前，也可位于主句后；而sothat引导的从句只可位于主句后： He sent the letter by air mail in order that（或sothat）it might reach them in good time. 这封信他航空寄去，以便他们能及时收到。 （）forfearthat，incase，lest引导的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词形式常为“should动词原形”： He took his raincoat with him in case（或forfearthat或lest）it should rain. 他带上了雨衣以免下雨。同等学力英语 原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的连词：because（因为）；as（由于）；since，nowthat（既然）；seeingthat（鉴于）等。 （）because，since，as都可表示“因为”。 because表示原因的语气最强，通常回答以疑问词why引导的问句，除特别强调外，该从句一般位于主句后；since表示稍加分析后而推断出来的原因，比as正式；as表示对方已知道的原因。since和as不回答why引导的疑问句，而且其从句一般放在句首： I do it because I like it. 因为我喜欢我才干。 Since no one is against it, lets carry out the plan. 既然没人反对，我们就执行这个计划吧。 As he wasnt ready in time, we went without him. 由于他未及时准备好，我们没等他就走了。 because是连词，becauseof是介词短语。 because和so不可同时使用，只用其中的一个。 for也常引导表示原因的分句，但for是并列连词，因此不能用于句首；for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，且for前常有逗号： The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为已是月了。 （）部分表示感情的状态形容词（如sorry，glad，pleased等）有时可接一个that引导的从句表示原因，作状语从句（但也有人认为是宾语从句）： I am sorry that I have caused so much trouble. 真对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。同等学力英语 地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词：where（在地方）；wherever（无论何地）；everywhere（每一地方）等： There are plenty of sheep where I live. 我住的地方羊很多。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 指具体地点时，从句可放在主句前，也可放在主句后（如前一例句）；兼有抽象条件的含义时，从句须放在主句前（如后一例句）。同等学历英语指导之非谓语动词作主语和表语用法一、解析非谓动词作主语 1. 不定式作主语。如： To say is easier than to do. 解析：用不定式作主语时，常表示一次性的、具体的、特指的动作，并且用it作形式主语而将其后置。如上例可改为：It is easier to say than to do. 2. 动名词作主语。如： Walking after supper is good for both young and old. 解析：若表示抽象的、习惯性的动作时常用动名词。 二、解析非谓语动词作表语 1. 不定式作表语。如： What I can do is to give you some reasonable advice. The library books are not allowed to be taken away. 解析：不定式作表语时，其后接动词（词组）主动式或被动式，与其最近的动词采用原形。 2. 动名词作表语。如： His job is teaching. The most famous writings in the world are worth reading. 解析：动名词作表语时，表语既具有动词特征又具有名词性，甚至有时表语和主语可以互换。如上例可改为：Teaching is his job. 3. 分词作表语。如： The film is interesting, and my sister gets interested in it. 解析：现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征，表语与主语之间是主动关系，并且常以物作主语，译为“某物怎么样”；过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的心理状态，主语 和表语之间存在被动关系，并且常以人作主语，译为“某人感到怎么样”。具有这一用 法的有：surprise, interest, touch, move, puzzle, excite, tire, please, disappoint, satisfy, encourage等。 同等学历英语指导之非谓语动词作定语的用法解析非谓语动词作定语 1. 不定式作定语。如： Every day the workers have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系） She has no wish to go with you.（同位关系） The second officer to come in was Smith.（主谓关系） This is the best way to learn a foreign language.（修饰关系） 解析：不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作，与被修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系、同位关系、主谓关系或修饰关系。 2. 动名词作定语。如： We shall have a writing competition. There is a swimming pool in the park. 解析：用动名词作定语，起说明被修饰名词性质或用途的作用。 3. 分词作定语。 （1）现在分词作定语。如： Now there is a fire burning in the fireplace. The villagers built a road leading to the city. 解析：现在分词作定语时，与它修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词表示动作正在进行或经常性、现在或当时的状态。 （2）过去分词作定语。如： There is a village called Gum Tree far away from here. The Olympic Games, first played in 775BC, did not include women players until 1912. 解析：过去分词作定语时，与它所修饰的词之间存在被动关系。过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或没有固定的时间性。同等学历英语指导之非谓语动词作表语的用法解析非谓语动词作宾语 1. 不定式作宾语。 如： She pretended not to see me when I came in. Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 解析：有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有 hope, agree, choose,manage,promise,expect,determine,decide,seek,refuse,arrange,desire等。 2. 动名词作宾语。 如： Would you mind my opening the window? He didnt remember having lived with his friend before. 解析：有些动词（词组）后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类 似的词有enjoy, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, give up等。 注意：want, need, require 等动词以物作主语时，其后的宾语用主动式表被动含义或用 不定式的被动式。如Those young trees need watering/ to be watered.另外，还有少数动词， 如mean, stop, try, cant help 等后既可接不定式也可接动名词，但各自发生时间有先后。 如： （1）The light in the room is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. （2）Where is your pen? Oh, I remember having putting it in my bag.同等学历英语指导之非谓语动词作宾、主语补足语的用法解析非谓语动词作宾语补足语、主语补足语 1. 不定式作宾语、主语补足语。如： The policeman told the boy not to play on the road. The old man was often seen to stand at the door of his house. 解析：诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。但hope, think, agree, insist, plan, suppose, suggest, announce, demand等动词不能这样用。如果动词let, have, make, hear, notice, see, observe, feel, look at, listen to等，用于被动语态中时，则可以用不定式作主语补足语。 2. 分词作宾语、主语补足语。 （1）现在分词作宾语、主语补足语。如： Toms father saw him sitting on the eggs. Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. 解析：现在分词作宾语、主语补足语时，表示现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或主语，与逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。 （2）过去分词作宾语、主语补足语。如： I had my house painted last week. Her book was found stolen when Kate came back home. 解析：过去分词作宾语、主语补足语时，表示过去分词的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或主语，与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系。 同等学力英语虚拟语气小结（1）1） 语气： 陈述，疑问，祈使，虚拟 2） 虚拟语气：表示一种纯然假想的情况或主观愿望，动词需要用一种特殊形式。 形式分为三类：现在虚拟语气（动词用原形），过去虚拟语气（动词用过去式，但动词be要用were），过去完成形式（动词用过去完成时）。有些情态动词，如should, would, might常用在虚拟语气中。 3） 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法： 虚拟条件句：就是包含条件从句的句子。 条件句分为： 真实条件句有些条件句是可能实现的。 虚拟条件句有些条件句是纯假象的句子。 If we leave now, we can still catch the train. If I had enough money, I would buy a computer. If you are waiting for a bus youd better join the queue. 4) 表示现在和将来情况的虚拟条件句： 表示现在或将来的虚拟条件句从句中的谓语（用过去式形式）；主句谓语（would+动词原形） If I had a map I would lend it to you. If you left your bike outside, someone would steal it. If I were you Id plant some trees round the house. 注：If I were you句中，were不能改成was,但在第三人称单数后用was也可以。如： If Helen were(was) here how nice it would be! 主句谓语有时也可以由might, could构成。 If I could type, I might save a lot of time. If he had a permit he could get a job. 在条件句从句中有时还可以用were to +动词，或should+动词。 If he were (was) to resign, who would take his place? If I should be free tomorrow, I will come to see you. 在某些条件从句中（如were to +动词，should+动词），if有时可以省略，这时语序要改为倒装。 Were I Tom, I would refuse. Were I in your shoes I would let him know what I thought of him. Should she be interested, Ill phone her. 从句有时可以用If it were not for这种句型，表示“若不是”。 If it were not for your help, we would be in serious trouble. 同等学力英语虚拟语气小结（2）表示过去情况的虚拟条件句：（这类从句表示一个与事实相反的过去情况） 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句条件从句中的谓语（相当于过去式的形式）；主句的谓语（would have+过去分词） If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. If I had left sooner, Id have caught the bus. What would you have done if youd been in my position? 注：在主句中，如果主语是第一人称，可以用should构成谓语。 I should (would) have talked it to my mother if I had thought of it. 主句中也可用could和might构成，有时还可由should构成。 If my father had lived, he could have done all this for me. If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life. If he had apologized, you should have done so too. 从句中也可用had not been for来构成谓语，表示“要不是”。 If it hadnt been for your timely help, we w