蹴鞠-英文介绍.ppt

Cuju(蹴鞠),Cujuisanancientballgamewithsimilaritiestoassociationfootball.ItisseenbysomeincludingFIFA（国际足球联盟）tobetheforerunnerofmodernfootballdespitetherebeingnohistoricalconnectionbetweenthesports.ThegameoriginatedinChina,andwasalsoplayedinKorea,JapanandVietnam.,蹴,鞠,kick,ball,History,CujuisbelievedtohaveoriginatedinChinabeforetheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221BC).Accordingtohistoricalrecords,CujuwasaverypopulargameinLinzi(intodaysShandongProvinceinEastChina),thecapitaloftheQiStateduringtheWarringStatesPeriod（战国）morethan2,300yearsago.,IntheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-24AD),cujuwasconsideredbothaformofentertainmentandatypeofmilitarytraining.Allprefecturalgovernorshadstandardcujufieldsfortrainingtroops.HistoricalrecordssaythatduringthewaragainsttheHuns（匈奴）,soldierssetupsportsfieldsalongthemarchingroutes.Thistraininglastedformanygenerations,andthegamewasalwaysplayedduringtroopinspections.Favoredbyemperors,noblesandscholars,cujuspopularitygraduallyspreadfromthearmytotheroyalcourtsandupperclasses.,DrawingsofancientcujugamesintheWesternHanDynastyhavebeenfoundonstoneandbrickpaintingsandevenonseals,indicatingthatithadmanyforms,somesimilartopresent-dayfootballmatches,othersresemblingdances.TheworldsfirstdiehardcujufanwasrecordedbyadoctorinLinziduringtheWesternHanperiod,whosepatientrefusedtomissanycujugamesanddiedsuddenlyfromover-exertionandsweating.,CujuflourishedduringtheSongDynasty(960-1279)duetosocialandeconomicdevelopment,extendingitspopularitytoeveryclassinsociety-fromtheemperortoordinarycitizens.Atthattime,professionalcujuplayerswerequitepopular,theearliestfootballclubsorguildswerefounded,booksonthegamewerepublished,andthesportbegantotakeonacommercialedge.,ButChinesetraditionalideasencouragedcalm,peace,andtolerance,(“和”“中庸”）soancientsportsinChinaweredifferentfromtheirmoreexcitingandcompetitiveversionsinthewest.Thegamegraduallydeclinedinpopularityinthemid-QingDynasty(1644-1911).,Historicallythereweretwomainstylesofcuju:ZhuQiuandBaiDa.“ZhuQiu”（间接对抗）wascommonlyperformedatcourtfeastscelebratingtheemperorsbirthdayorduringdiplomaticevents.Acompetitivecujumatchofthistypenormallyconsistedoftwoteamswith12-16playersoneachside.“BaiDa“(白打）becamedominantduringtheSongDynasty,astylethatattachedmuchimportancetodevelopingpersonalskills.Scoringgoalsbecameobsoletewhenusingthismethodwiththeplayingfieldenclosedusingthreadandplayerstakingturnstokicktheballwithinthesesetlimits.Thenumberoffoulsmadebytheplayersdecidedthewinner.,Cujuclub,Inthe10thcentury,aCujuclubQiY