新视界大学英语综合教程

,Warmingup,Workinpairs.Check()thepersonalqualitieswhichyouthinkapplytoyourself.,Warmingup,Nowcheck()thepersonalqualitieswhichyouthinkapplytoyourpartnerandcompareyourideasabouteachother.,Warmingup,Workinpairsanddiscussthequestions.,1WhichofthepersonalqualitiesinActivity1arepositive?,Hard-working,fair,thoughtfulandsocialareallpositive.Thentherearesomequalitieswhicharepositiveinsmallamounts:respect,ambition,strongwillandlikingtogivetoothers.Havingtoomuchofthese,however,canbeharmful.,2Whichofthemarenegative,andwhy?,Shynessisnegativenotinthesenseofbeingbad,butitmakeslifeharder.Envyisugly.Argumentativepeoplearenopleasuretobewith.Iamnotsureaboutlikingtobealone.Ifitmeansavoidingpeople,itsnegative,butifitmeansyouarehappytospendtimealonereadingandthinking,thatsrathergood.,Warmingup,3.Whichpersonalqualitiesdoyouneedtobesuccessfulinajob?,Well,thatdependsonthejob!Butbeinghard-workingisalwaysright,andthinkingcarefullymustalwaysbegood.,Isupposewecangobeyondthelistherekindnessandlikingtogivetootherswillbringyoufriends,asenseofbeautyisimportantandbeingfaithfultothoseyouworkwithmeansyouneverhavetofeelguilty.,4.Whichpersonalqualitiesdoyouneedtobehappyinlife?,Warmingup,WatchavideoclipofThePursuitofHappinessanddiscussthequestion.,Doyouhaveanyexperiencewhenyousuccessfullyhandleothersquestionornegativecommentwithouttakingitpersonally?,Warmingup,Lookatthetitleofthepassageandcheck()thetwokindsofjudgmentyouexpecttoreadabout.,1guiltyornotguilty2fairornotfair3objectiveorsubjective4anendgoalorameanstosomethingelse,NowreadthepassagebyPaulGrahamandcheckyourideas.,Skimming,Browsethepassagewithin8minutestogetaroughideaaboutit.AnswerthequestionsofActivity2and3onpage4.,Task,Skimming,Choosethebestsummaryofthepassage.,1.Therearetwotypesofjudgmentwhicharemadeaboutpeople.Mostofthemarenotconcernedaboutthetypeofpersonweare,butaremadeforsomeotherreason,suchastoprovidemembersforanorganization,likeateam,acompanyoracollege.Soifwearenotchoseninthesecircumstances,weshouldntfeelhurtaboutit.,Answer:Correct.,Skimming,2.Itismoreusefultothinkofsomeonewhohastoselectpeople(forajob,forexample,orforadmissiontoacollege)asacustomerratherthanasajudge.Thisisbecausethereisneveranything“personal”aboutselectingsomeoneforaprize,orateam.Rather,theprocessofselectingpeopleismorelikeabusinesstransaction,anditisvitalnottomakeamistake.,Skimming,Answer:Thefirsthalfagreeswiththepassage,buttheoverallemphasisisonselectorswhereasthepassageisaddressedtoyoungpeopleapplyingforcollegesandjobs.Selectingsomeoneforaprizeisactuallymorelikethefirsttypeofjudgmenttheremightbeonlyasecondsdifferencebetweentwogreatathletesbutthatseconddecideswhowinsthegoldmedal.Insomerespectsthetwoathletesareequal,butnotwhenitcomestotheprize.Onthetopicofnotmakingamistake,ofcoursenobusinesswantsapooremployee,butthepassagearguesthisisunlikelyastherearealwaysanumberofsuitablecandidates.,Skimming,3.Weareconstantlyinvolvedinjudgingotherpeople.Mostofthetimethisisnotinanyformalsituation,suchasalawcourt,butinformally,atworkorschool,orevenwhenwearelookingforapartnertodate.Buttherearetwotypesofjudgmentgoodorbadandifwemakeawrongjudgmentwewillprobablyregretit.,Answer:Thepassageisnotconcernedwithgoodorbadjudgments,andthestressisnotonthereadermakingjudgments,buttheirreactiontobeingjudged.,Skimming,Answerthequestions.,1Whathavecourtcasesgotincommonwithcompetitions?2Whyisitnaturaltothinkthatalljudgmentsareaboutusaspersons?,Thejudgmentswereceiveaschildrenareofthistypesoweexpectlaterjudgmentstobethesame.,Whenwehireordatesomeone,wearethinkinglessofthemthanofwhatwewant,andthereareanumberofpossibilitiesforustochoosefrom.,3Whyishiringsomeonelikedatingsomeone?,Theiraimistojudgeindividualsaccurately.,Skimming,4Whatdoesthewriterhopetoshowbyusingtheexampleofchoosingateam?5Whyisntitimportantifthewrongdecisionismadeinaborderlinecase?,Thepeopleontheborderlinearebasicallyofthesamelevelofability.,Thatchoicesareoftennotmadeonthebasisofperfectlyaccuratejudgmentsofrelativeability.Therecanbemorethanonegoodchoiceandoftennotbeingchosendoesnotmeansomeoneisinadequate.,Skimming,6Whyisitimportanttothinkofaselectorasacustomerratherthanasajudge?7Whyshouldpeopletakerejectionlesspersonally?,Unlessweareunusual,therewillalwaysbeplentyofcandidatesofthesameabilityasus.Theselectorhastomakeachoicebutthatchoicedoesnotproveanyonesinferiority.,Itmakesusseethesituationinalessself-centredway.Theselectorislookingforwhatappealstothemratherthanjudgingourability.Itmayalsomotivateustosellourselvesactively.,Twokindsofjudgement,译文,Digging,1Therearetwodifferentwayspeoplejudgeyou.Sometimesjudgingyoucorrectlyistheendgoal.Buttheresasecondmuchmorecommontypeofjudgmentwhereitisnt.Wetendtoregardalljudgmentsofusasthefirsttype.Wedprobablybehappierifwerealizedwhichareandwhicharent.,Digging,2Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.Suchjudgmentscanofcoursebemistaken,butbecausethegoalistojudgeyoucorrectly,theresusuallysomekindofappealsprocess.Ifyoufeelyouvebeenmisjudged,youcanprotestthatyouvebeentreatedunfairly.,译文,Digging,3Nearlyallthejudgmentsmadeonchildrenareofthistype,sowegetintothehabitearlyinlifeofthinkingthatalljudgmentsare.,译文,Digging,4Butinfactthereisasecondmuchlargerclassofjudgmentswherejudgingyouisonlyameanstosomethingelse.Theseincludecollegeadmissions,hiringandinvestmentdecisions,andofcoursethejudgmentsmadeindating.Thiskindofjudgmentisnotreallyaboutyou.,译文,Digging,5Putyourselfinthepositionofsomeoneselectingplayersforanationalteam.Supposeforthesakeofsimplicitythatthisisagamewithnopositions,andthatyouhavetoselect20players.Therewillbeafewstarswhoclearlyshouldmaketheteam,andmanyplayerswhoclearlyshouldnt.Theonlyplaceyourjudgmentmakesadifferenceisintheborderlinecases.Supposeyouscrewupandunderestimatethe20thbestplayer,causinghimnottomaketheteam,andhisplacetobetakenbythe21stbest.Youvestillpickedagoodteam.,译文,Digging,Iftheplayershavetheusualdistributionofability,the21stbestplayerwillbeonlyslightlyworsethanthe20thbest.Probablythedifferencebetweenthemwillbelessthanthemeasurementerror.,译文,Digging,6The20thbestplayermayfeelhehasbeenmisjudged.Butyourgoalherewasnttoprovideaserviceestimatingpeoplesability.Itwastopickateam,andifthedifferencebetweenthe20thand21stbestplayersislessthanthemeasurementerror,youvestilldonethatoptimally.,译文,Digging,7Itsafalseanalogyeventousethewordunfairtodescribethiskindofmisjudgment.Itsnotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.,译文,Digging,8Onethingthatleadsusastrayhereisthattheselectorseemstobeinapositionofpower.Thatmakeshimseemlikeajudge.Ifyouregardsomeonejudgingyouasacustomerinsteadofajudge,theexpectationoffairnessgoesaway.Theauthorofagoodnovelwouldntcomplainthatreaderswereunfairforpreferringapotboilerwitharacycover.Stupid,perhaps,butnotunfair.,译文,Digging,9Ourearlytrainingandourself-centerednesscombinetomakeusbelievethateveryjudgmentofusisaboutus.Infactmostarent.Thisisararecasewherebeinglessself-centeredwillmakepeoplemoreconfident.Onceyourealizehowlittlemostpeoplejudgingyoucareaboutjudgingyouaccuratelyonceyourealizethatbecauseofthenormaldistributionofmostapplicantpools,itmattersleasttojudgeaccuratelyinpreciselythecaseswherejudgmenthasthemosteffectyouwonttakerejectionsopersonally.,译文,Digging,10Andcuriouslyenough,takingrejectionlesspersonallymayhelpyoutogetrejectedlessoften.Ifyouthinksomeonejudgingyouwillworkhardtojudgeyoucorrectly,youcanaffordtobepassive.Butthemoreyourealizethatmostjudgmentsaregreatlyinfluencedbyrandom,extraneousfactorsthatmostpeoplejudgingyouaremorelikeaficklenovelbuyerthanawiseandperceptivemagistratethemoreyourealizeyoucandothingstoinfluencetheoutcome.,Digging,11Onegoodplacetoapplythisprincipleisincollegeapplications.Mosthighschoolstudentsapplyingtocollegedoitwiththeusualchildsmixofinferiorityandself-centeredness:inferiorityinthattheyassumethatadmissionscommitteesmustbeall-seeing;self-centerednessinthattheyassumeadmissionscommitteescareenoughaboutthemtodigdownintotheirapplicationandfigureoutwhethertheyregoodornot.,译文,Digging,Thesecombinetomakeapplicantspassiveinapplyingandhurtwhentheyrerejected.Ifcollegeapplicantsrealizedhowquickandimpersonalmostselectionprocessesare,theydmakemoreefforttosellthemselves,andtaketheoutcomelesspersonally.,译文,1.Sometimesjudgingyoucorrectlyistheendgoal.(Line2,Para1),Thissentencemeansthepurposeoftheexerciseistojudgeyourabilityataskill,oryourguiltorinnocence;thefocusisonyou.endgoal:finalpurpose,Difficultsentences,Difficultsentences,2.theresusuallysomekindofappealsprocess.(Line5,Para2),Thereisnormallyanestablishedprocedureforcomplainingagainstamistakenjudgment.,Difficultsentences,3.Butinfactthereisasecondmuchlargerclassofjudgmentswherejudgingyouisonlyameanstosomethingelse.(Line1,Para4),Inthissecondtypeofjudgmentthefocusisachievingaspecificgoal,suchascreatingagoodteam,gettingtherightsortofemployeesorselectingayearsintakeforacollege.Peoplemustbequalified,butnotallthosequalifiedcanbechosen.,Difficultsentences,4.Supposeforthesakeofsimplicitythatthisisagamewithnopositions(Line2,Para5),Tokeepthisthoughtexperimentsimpleletsforgetaboutpositions,suchasdefender,attacker,centre,goalkeeperetc.Letsthinkofallplayersasequal.agamewithnopositions:Itmeanstherearenofixedpositionswhereplayersstandonthefield.,Difficultsentences,5.Theonlyplaceyourjudgmentmakesadifferenceisintheborderlinecases.(Line7,Para5),borderlinecases:belongingtotheareawhichispartofbothcirclesnotexcellent,norpoorbutgoodandapotentialchoice,Difficultsentences,6.Probablythedifferencebetweenthemwillbelessthanthemeasurementerror.(Line15,Para5),Thedifferencebetweenthosebeingselectedissosmallthattheselectordoesnotneedtoworryaboutaperfectlyaccuratemeasurementoftheirrelativeabilities.themeasurementerror:atermfromstatistics,thedifferencebetweenameasuredvalueofquantityanditstruevalue,Difficultsentences,7.Itsafalseanalogyeventousethewordunfairtodescribethiskindofmisjudgment.(Line1,Para7),Itsanincorrectcomparisonwiththeothersortofjudgmenttothinkthereisanythingunfairinnotbeingchosenfortheteam.Theaimwasnottoassessanyindividual,buttogetagoodteam.,Difficultsentences,8.Onethingthatleadsusastrayhereisthattheselectorseemstobeinapositionofpower.(Line1,Para8),Onefactorwhichcausesustomakethismistakeandconfusesthesedifferenttypesofmakingjudgmentsisthattheselectorseemstohavepoweroverthepeoplebeingchosenfrom.Butactuallyheismorelikeashopperchoosingwhatsuitshim.,Difficultsentences,9.Theauthorofagoodnovelwouldntcomplainthatreaderswereunfairforpreferringapotboilerwitharacycover.(Line6,Para8),apotboilerwitharacycover:astorywithoutgreatqualitybutaneasyreadsuchasanaveragedetective/romantic/actionstory,publishedwithanexciting,rathersexycover,Difficultsentences,10.Stupid,perhaps,butnotunfair.(Line8,Para8),Thebookbuyerisnotjudgingthepotboilerbetterthanthebeautifullywrittenseriousnovel,butchoosingwhattheywanttoread.Someonemightjudgethatreadingsuchabookisastupidthingtodoandawasteoftime,butthatisuptothereaderswhoareselectingwhattheywanttoread,andnotmakingaliteraryaward.,Difficultsentences,11.Ourearlytrainingandourself-centerednesscombinetomakeusbelievethateveryjudgmentofusisaboutus.Infactmostarent.(Line1,Para9),Here“earlytraining”referstotheinformationinParagraph3.Whenwewerechildren,judginguswastheendgoalandwegetintothehabitofthinkingallthejudgmentsare.Forexample,wemayhavespentalongtimeproducinganapplicationandimaginesomeonestudyingitcarefullyanddecidingwhetherwearegoodenough,whereasthetruthmaybeitwashardlyglancedatasthereweresomanyothers.Wewerenotrejected,butsimplyignored.self-centeredness:seeingtheworldfromourownperspectivebecauseweareimportanttoourselves,andwetendtothinkweareimportanttoothers,Difficultsentences,12.becauseofthenormaldistributionofmostapplicantpools,itmattersleasttojudgeaccuratelyinpreciselythecaseswherejudgmenthasthemosteffect(Line8,Para9),Theselectorsneedlittlejudgmenttodecidehowtodealwiththebestandtheworst.Itisverydifficultforthemtodecideamongthemajorityatthatpeak,butastheyareverysimilar,itdoesnotmattermuchtotheselectors.Theirchoicecanberatherarbitrary.normaldistributionofmostapplicantpools:thebellcurve,themajorityofpeopleareatoraroundthepeakofthecurve,Difficultsentences,13.Butthemoreyourealizethatmostjudgmentsaregreatlytoinfluencetheoutcome.(Line6,Para10),Onceyouhaveunderstoodthatdecisionstakenaboutyouarenotallobjectiveassessmentsofyourqualities,butoftenratheraccidental,withthepeopletakingthemmorelikeshoppersthancourtjudges,youwillseethattherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfmoreattractivetothepeopletakingthedecisions.(Ifweseethemasshoppers,wecantrytoinfluencetheminthesamewaysshopsdocustomers.)random,extraneousfactors:chance,minor,notveryrelevantmatters,forexample,buyingabookbecauseyoulikethenameofthewriter,Difficultsentences,14.Mosthighschoolstudentsapplyingtheyregoodornot.(Line3,Para11),Whenstudentsapplytocollegetheywronglythinkthedecision-makersarewise,all-knowingpeoplewhowillreadallthelettersandessaysandmakeverycarefulchoices,butactuallytheyarebusypeoplefacedwithalotofapplicantsofthesamestandard.Theywillchoosesuccessfulcandidatesinaquickandsimpleway.digdowndeep:studycarefully;readanddiscussatlength,judgment,释义,n.C,Uanopinionthatyouhaveafterthinkingcarefullyaboutsomething判断；看法；评价,例句,Itisstilltoosoontoformajudgmentaboutthis.,现在对此作出判断仍为时过早。,翻译,Words,例句,IrespecthisjudgmentandIllfollowanyadvicehegivesme.,我尊重他的判断能力，会接受他提出的任何建议。,翻译,释义,vt.tomakeawrongjudgmentaboutapersonorsituation错误地判断；错误估计,Words,misjudge,例句,Thedefeatshowedhowbadlyhedmisjudgedthemoodoftheelectorate.,这次失败表明他对选民的情绪判断大错特错。,翻译,例句,Imisjudgedtheturnandhitthesidewalk.,我对拐弯处判断错误，驶上了人行道。,翻译,释义,a.notfairorreasonable不公平的；不合情理的,例句,ItssounfairMarygetsmoremoneyforlesswork!,太不公平了玛丽干的活少，拿的钱却多！,翻译,Words,例句,Theunfairdismissalwillbeproperlyinvestigated.,无理解雇一事将会得到彻底调查。,翻译,unfair,sake,释义,n.C(ususing)(forsbs;fortheofsth)thebenefitorgoodofsomeoneorsomething利益；好处,例句,Hemovedtotheseasideforthesakeofhishealth.,为了健康，他移居到海边。,翻译,Words,例句,翻译,Theytriedtokeeptheirmarriagetogetherforthesakeofthechildren.,他们为了儿女尽力维持着婚姻关系。,真题,Somewomencouldhavemadeagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure),释义,n.Uthequalityofbeingsimpleandnotcomplicated,especiallywhenthisisattractiveoruseful简单；简易；简明,例句,翻译,Words,例句,Hisideastoodoutbecauseofitssimplicity.,翻译,他的构想因简明而突出。,Becauseofitssimplicity,thistestcouldbecarriedouteasilybyafamilydoctor.,这种测试简单易行，家庭医生就可以进行操作。,simplicity,真题,Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension),释义1,a.(usubeforenoun)notclearlybelongingtoaparticulartype（类型）不确定的，含糊不清的,例句,Itsaborderlinecondition,perhapsreadyforsurgery.,情况不确定，大概可以做手术了。,翻译,Words,例句,borderlinecandidate,可上可下的候选人,翻译,borderline,释义2,n.singanimaginarypointdividingonefeelingorstatefromanother,whereitishardtotellthedifferencebetweenthetwo不明确的界限；含混不清的境况,例句,Donotcrosstheborderlinebetweenadmirationandlove.,不要跨越欣赏与爱慕之间的含混界线。,翻译,Words,例句,Ididntsleepwellrecently,alwayswanderattheborderlineofsleepandwakefulnessatnight.,我最近睡不好，夜里总是处于半梦半醒的状态。,翻译,borderline,screw,释义,v.(veryinfml)(up)tomakeaseriousmistakeorspoilsomething,especiallyasituation(使)弄糟；（使）搞乱,例句,Iscrewedupmyexamslastyear.,去年我考砸了。,翻译,Words,例句,Davescrewedupmyfiles,nowIcantfindanything.,戴夫搞乱了我的文件，我现在什么也找不到。,翻译,释义1,vt.tothinkthatsomeonehaslesspowerorabilitythantheyreallydo小看，轻视（某人的权力或能力）,例句,IthoughtitwouldbeaneasygamebutIhadunderestimatedmyopponent.,我以为比赛应该很轻松，可是我低估了对手。,翻译,Words,例句,ThefirstlessonIlearntasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.,翻译,作为一名士兵，我学到的第一堂课就是绝不要小看敌人。,真题,Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.(Jan.2002,CET-4,ReadingComprehension),underestimate,释义2,n.Cawrongideathatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis低估；估计不足,例句,Peopledoubtthattheaccidentcasualtyisanunderestimate.,人们怀疑事故伤亡人数有可能被低估了。,翻译,Words,underestimate,释义,n.C,Uthewayinwhichsomethingexistsindifferentamountsindifferentpartsofanareaorgroup分布,例句,翻译,Words,Thecountrywasnotedforitsunevendistributionoflandresources.,这个国家以其土地资源的分布不均匀著称。,例子,翻译,thegeneraldistributionofearthquakesaroundtheworld,全世界地震总的分布情况,distribution,释义,a.bestormostsuitablewithinarangeofpossibilities最优的；最适宜的,例句,翻译,Words,例句,翻译,Theoptimaltemperaturerangeforgrowingmushroomsisfrom55Fto72F.,种蘑菇的最佳生长温度在华氏55到72度。,Wepickedtheoptimaltimetoleavefortheairport.,我们选择最合适的时间出发去机场。,optimal,analogy,释义,n.C,Uacomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilar比拟；比喻；类比,例句,翻译,Words,Shedrewananalogybetweenrunningtheeconomyandahousewifesweeklybudget.,她用家庭主妇一周的预算类比经济的运行。,例句,翻译,Byanalogy,theheartisapumpandthebrainisacomputer.,打个比方，心脏就是一只水泵，而大脑就是一部计算机。,释义1,ad.(leadsb)tomakesomeonebelievesomethingthatisnottrue使（某人）误信,例句,翻译,Words,ItseasytobeledastraybythereportsontheInternet.,网络上的报道很容易让人受误导。,例句,翻译,Thepublicwasledastraybythefalsepictureofrealitygiveninhisbook.,公众被他在书中对现实所作的虚假描绘迷惑了。,astray,释义2,ad.(go)tobecomelostorgotothewrongplace迷路；走失,例句,翻译,Words,Wemarkedthetrail,sotravelerswillnotgoastray.,我们给小路设标志使行人不致迷路。,例句,翻译,ThechequeIsentthemseemstohavegoneastray.,我寄给他们的那张支票好像丢失了。,astray,applicant,释义,n.Csomeonewhoappliesforsomething,suchasajoborloanofmoney申请人,例句,翻译,Words,成功的申请者将会接到电话通知。,Successfulapplicantswillbenotifiedbytelephone.,例句,翻译,广告吸引来许多申请者。,Theadvertisementattractedanumberofapplicants.,application,释义,n.C,Uaformalrequestforpermissiontodoorhavesomething申请；请求,例句,翻译,Words,本大学欢迎成年学生的入学申请。,Theuniversitywelcomesapplicationsfrommaturestudents.,例句,翻译,他们接受了我加入俱乐部的申请。,Theyacceptedmyapplicationtojointheclub.,Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure),真题,释义,例子,翻译,Words,一批备用的社区项目志愿者,apoolofvolunteersforcommunityprojects,atalentpoolofgreatstudentathletes,例子,翻译,优秀学生运动员人才库,n.Cagroupofpeoplewhoareavailabletowork（可以工作的）备用人员,pool,rejection,释义,n.C,Uarefusaltoacceptsomeoneforajoborcourseofstudy拒绝聘用；拒绝录取,例句,翻译,Words,他在找到工作前一次次遭到拒绝。,Hefacedrejectionafterrejectionbeforefindingajob.,IvesentofftenapplicationsbutIveonlyhadrejectionssofar.,例句,翻译,我寄出去十份申请，但是到目前收到的只是回绝信。,extraneous,释义,a.notrelatingtothesubjectorsituationyouaredealingwith无关的,例句