新城市主义2006.ppt

,IntroducingNewUrbanism,新城市主义,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主义的历史,TheIntellectualrootsofNewUrbanismgobacktotheurbanreformmovementsofthe19thcentury新城市主义的理论根源可追溯到19世纪的城市改革运动。,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主义的历史,ThemovementformedinreactiontourbansprawlthatbegantospreadintheUSinthe1950sandcontinuestoday运动的形成直接针对于美国从50年代开始的都市扩张。,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主义的历史,ThefirstresponsetosprawlwastorevivethedesignofthetraditionalAmericansmalltown,earningthemovementthenameofNeo-traditionalistnewtraditionaltownplanning对扩张的第一反应是复兴传统的美国小城镇的设计，开始的名称是“新传统城镇规划”。,CityofNewHaven,,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主义的历史,Inthemid-1990s,themovementadoptedthemoreexcitingnameofNewUrbanismandbegantoexpanditsideasfromnewtownstourbanredevelopment,andfromtheUStoothercountries90年代中期，运动更名为“新城市主义”，主张从新城镇扩展到了都市发展，从美国扩展到其它国家。,EastgateMallRedevelopment,,,,TheIntellectualOrigins新城市主义的理论基础,IndustrialcompanytownsEbeneiserHoward,GardenCitiesofTomorrow,1900JaneJacobs,TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities,1962WilliamWhite,TheSocialLifeofSmallUrbanSpaces,1980霍华德，明天的花园城市，1900雅克比，美国大城市的死与生，1962怀特，小城市空间的社会生活，1980,,ThePurposeoftheNewUrbanism新城市主义的目的,“TheCongressfortheNewUrbanismviewsdisinvestmentincentralcities,thespreadofplacelesssprawl,increasingseparationbyraceandincome,environmentaldeterioration,lossofagriculturallandsandwilderness,andtheerosionofsocietysbuiltheritageasoneinterrelatedcommunity-buildingchallenge.”TheCharteroftheNewUrbanism*AnissueinChinaaswellastheUS*NotanissueinChina,TheFirstProjects第一批项目,NewUrbanprojectswerebeingbuiltbeforetheirwasanameforNewUrbanism在“新城市主义”得名前，就有新城市主义的项目建成了。,Seaside,1981,Kentlands,1989,,,TheFirstProjects第一批项目,State-Thomas,Dallas,Texas,byRTKL,1985,NewTownofPoundbury,Cornwall,UK,LeonKrier,1988,LagunaWest,California,byCalthorpe,1988,WhydoNewUrbanistscopyTraditionalAmericanTowns?新城市主义缘何借鉴传统城镇,MostofAmericasurbanhistoryisthecreationofnewsettlementsTheAmericansmalltownisidealizedinAmericanculture(safe,clean,friendly,healthy,wholesome,modest,egalitarian)Itisapre-automobilesettlementform,withclosely-spacedmixeduses,meaningitisnotdesignedaroundthecarwithseparateareasfordifferentactivities,andsoshouldallowpeopletolivewithoutusingtheircarsallday美国的城市历史大多是新居住点的建立。美国小城镇体现理想的美国文化：安全，友好，健康，卫生，礼让，平等。小城镇是汽车社会之前的聚居形式，有聚集的多功能的使用，人们可以不用汽车而生活很方便，它并不是为围绕汽车的不同活动有分别区域的生活方式而设计的。,“Ourstreetsusedtobecharmingandbeautiful.”-JamesHowardKunstler,HomeFromNowhere(Simontheyrangefromboulevardsandraillinestoriversandparkways.3.Manyactivitiesofdailylivingshouldoccurwithinwalkingdistance,allowingindependencetothosewhodonotdrive,especiallytheelderlyandtheyoung.Interconnectednetworksofstreetsshouldbedesignedtoencouragewalking,reducethenumberandlengthofautomobiletrips,andconserveenergy.4.Withinneighborhoods,abroadrangeofhousingtypesandpricelevelscanbringpeopleofdiverseages,races,andincomesintodailyinteraction,strengtheningthepersonalandcivicbondsessentialtoanauthenticcommunity.5.Transitcorridors,whenproperlyplannedandcoordinated,canhelporganizemetropolitanstructureandrevitalizeurbancenters.Incontrast,highwaycorridorsshouldnotdisplaceinvestmentfromexistingcenters.6.Appropriatebuildingdensitiesandlandusesshouldbewithinwalkingdistanceoftransitstops,permittingpublictransittobecomeaviablealternativetotheautomobile.7.Concentrationsofcivic,institutional,andcommercialactivityshouldbeembeddedinneighborhoodsanddistricts,notisolatedinremote,single-usecomplexes.Schoolsshouldbesizedandlocatedtoenablechildrentowalkorbicycletothem.8.Theeconomichealthandharmoniousevolutionofneighborhoods,districts,andcorridorscanbeimprovedthroughgraphicurbandesigncodesthatserveaspredictableguidesforchange.9.Arangeofparks,fromtot-lotsandvillagegreenstoballfieldsandcommunitygardens,shouldbedistributedwithinneighborhoods.Conservationareasandopenlandsshouldbeusedtodefineandconnectdifferentneighborhoodsanddistricts.,ThePrinciples基本理念,MetropolitanRegionsandTowns1.Metropolitanregionsarefiniteplaceswithgeographicboundariesderivedfromtopography,watersheds,coastlines,farmlands,regionalparks,andriverbasins.Themetropolisismadeofmultiplecentersthatarecities,towns,andvillages,eachwithitsownidentifiablecenterandedges.2.Themetropolitanregionisafundamentaleconomicunitofthecontemporaryworld.Governmentalcooperation,publicpolicy,physicalplanning,andeconomicstrategiesmustreflectthisnewreality.3.Themetropolishasanecessaryandfragilerelationshiptoitsagrarianhinterlandandnaturallandscapes.Therelationshipisenvironmental,economic,andcultural.Farmlandandnatureareasimportanttothemetropolisasthegardenistothehouse.4.Developmentpatternsshouldnotbluroreradicatetheedgesofthemetropolis.Infilldevelopmentwithinexistingurbanareasconservesenvironmentalresources,economicinvestment,andsocialfabric,whilereclaimingmarginalandabandonedareas.Metropolitanregionsshoulddevelopstrategiestoencouragesuchinfilldevelopmentoverperipheralexpansion.5.Whereappropriate,newdevelopmentcontiguoustourbanboundariesshouldbeorganizedasneighborhoodsanddistricts,andbeintegratedwiththeexistingurbanpattern.Noncontiguousdevelopmentshouldbeorganizedastownsandvillageswiththeirownurbanedges,andplannedforajobs/housingbalance,notasbedroomsuburbs.6.Thedevelopmentandredevelopmentoftownsandcitiesshouldrespecthistoricalpatterns,precedents,andboundaries.7.Citiesandtownsshouldbringintoproximityabroadspectrumofpublicandprivateusestosupportaregionaleconomythatbenefitspeopleofallincomes.Affordablehousingshouldbedistributedthroughouttheregiontomatchjobopportunitiesandtoavoidconcentrationsofpoverty.8.Thephysicalorganizationoftheregionshouldbesupportedbyaframeworkoftransportationalternatives.Transit,pedestrian,andbicyclesystemsshouldmaximizeaccessandmobilitythroughouttheregionwhilereducingdependenceupontheautomobile.9.Revenuesandresourcescanbesharedmorecooperativelyamongthemunicipalitiesandcenterswithinregionstoavoiddestructivecompetitionfortaxbaseandtopromoterationalcoordinationoftransportation,recreation,publicservices,housing,andcommunityinstitutions.,Block,StreetandBuilding1.Aprimarytaskofallurbanarchitectureandlandscapedesignisthephysicaldefinitionofstreetsandpublicspacesasplacesofshareduse.2.Individualarchitecturalprojectsshouldbeseamlesslylinkedtotheirsurroundings.Thisissuetranscendsstyle.3.Therevitalizationofurbanplacesdependsonsafetyandsecurity.Thedesignofstreetsandbuildingsshouldreinforcesafeenvironments,butnotattheexpenseofaccessibilityandopenness.4.Inthecontemporarymetropolis,developmentmustadequatelyaccommodateautomobiles.Itshoulddosoinwaysthatrespectthepedestrianandtheformofpublicspace.5.Streetsandsquaresshouldbesafe,comfortable,andinterestingtothepedestrian.Properlyconfigured,theyencouragewalkingandenableneighborstoknoweachotherandprotecttheircommunities.6.Architectureandlandscapedesignshouldgrowfromlocalclimate,topography,history,andbuildingpractice.7.Civicbuildingsandpublicgatheringplacesrequireimportantsitestoreinforcecommunityidentityandthecultureofdemocracy.Theydeservedistinctiveform,becausetheirroleisdifferentfromthatofotherbuildingsandplacesthatconstitutethefabricofthecity.8.Allbuildingsshouldprovidetheirinhabitantswithaclearsenseoflocation,weatherandtime.Naturalmethodsofheatingandcoolingcanbemoreresource-efficientthanmechanicalsystems.Preservationandrenewalofhistoricbuildings,districts,andlandscapesaffirmthecontinuityandevolutionofurbansociety.,基本理论,TOD:交通引导开发（PeterCalthorpe）由步行街区发展而来，强调混合土地用途以公共交通为规划原则，从交通站和商业组成的核心地区到社区边界不超过600米的步行距离将居住、零售、办公和公共空间组织在一个步行环境中，减少小汽车的使用带来的环境污染、能源浪费、交通拥挤各TOD社区之间保留大量的绿化开敞空间,邻里单位设计原则规模（size）边界（boundaries）开放空间（openspace）机构用地（institutionsites）地方商业（localshops）内部道路系统（internalstreetsystem）,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城镇应设计有广泛可达的公共空间和社区机构,LeonKriersPrivateandPublicSpacesoftheNeighborhood,,,TND:传统邻里开发(AndresDuany/ElizabethPlater-Zyberk)半径400米或5分钟步行距离街道间距70至100米邻里内有多类型住宅与居民土地使用多样化公建布置在人流集散地住房的后巷作为邻里间社交活动场所,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社区应为行人、交通还有汽车服务,400mand800mwalkingdistancestobusandrail,respectively,formtheradiusofaneighborhood,,Neighborhoodsshouldbediverseinuseandpopulation邻里在使用和居住人口上应有多样性,MixofusesinVankeGardenCity,Neighborhoodsshouldbediverseinuseandpopulation邻里在使用和居住人口上应有多样性,Goody-ClancyplanforNorthAllston,Boston,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社区应为行人、交通还有汽车服务,SectionsfromDuanyPlater-Zyberk,SectionsfromVankeCityGardenPlan,PlanforHilllsboroughFloridabyDuanyPlater-Zyberk,VankeGardenCityPlan,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社区应为行人、交通还有汽车服务,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社区应为行人、交通还有汽车服务,400mand800mwalkingdistancestobusandrail,respectively,formtheradiusofaneighborhood,,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城镇应设计有广泛可达的公共空间和社区机构,DuanysNewUrbanist“Transect”,ScientificAmericanMagazine,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城镇应设计有广泛可达的公共空间和社区机构,LeonKriersPrivateandPublicSpacesoftheNeighborhood,,,Urbanplacesshouldbeframedbyarchitectureandlandscapedesignthatcelebratelocalhistory,climate,ecology,andbuildingpractic