国家地理概况课件：British Education

BritishEducation,InBritain,educationismainlytheresponsibilityoflocaleducationauthorities.TheonlyfunctionoftheDepartmentofEducationandSkillsofthecentralgovernmentistomakepoliciesandtogivemoney.InstitutionsofeducationinBritainenjoyagooddealofindependenceintheiroperation.However,inthelastfewdecadestherehavebeenatrendforthecentralgovernmenttogetmoreactivelyinvolvedtomakethesystemmorestandardizedandeffective.,EducationalPolicyPrimaryandSecondaryEducationHigherEducation,Educationalpolicy,The1944EducationActAnewEducationActin1980TheEducationReformActin1988,The1944EducationAct,EducationinBritainiscompulsoryforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16.Thisisafundamentalpolicysince1944whentheEducationActpassedinthatyearimplementedfreeeducationforallchildrenthroughoutthecountry.AccordingtoThe1944EducationActchildrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsnotbecausetheywereofacertainsocialclassorbecausetheirparentspossessedacertainamountofmoney,butbecauseoftheabilitiestheydisplayed.,FourStagesofEducation,PrimaryEducation(5-11)SecondaryEducation(11-16)FurtherEducation(16-18)HigherEducation(18-),Eleven-PlusTest,ComprehensiveSchools,Anewtypeofschool,knownascomprehensiveschools,wasestablishedinthe1960sand1970s.Childrenstudyatcomprehensiveprimaryschoolsbetweenage5and11andthengoontocomprehensivesecondaryschoolswithouttheeleven-plustestandstudythereuntiltheageof16.,AnewEducationActin1980,AnewEducationActwaspassedafterMargaretThatcherbecamePrimeMinisterinthe1980s.ThenewActallowedchildrentotransferfromstate-runschoolstoprivateschoolsandchurchrelatedschools,withthegovernmentpayingpartofthecost.Italsoallowedparentstochooseschoolsfortheirchildren.,TheEducationReformActin1988,TheEducationReformActin1988providedfortheestablishmentofaNationalCurriculum.,NationalCurriculum,ThenationalCurriculumdividesprimaryandsecondaryeducationintofourkeystagesandsetstheminimumlearningrequirementsforallchildrenateachstage.Stageoneappliestoinfantschools(5-6)Stagetwocomprisesfiveyears(6-11)Stagethreeincludesthreeyears(11-14)Stagefourincludesthelasttwoyears(14-16),Ateachstagetherearecoresubjectsthataretaughtascompulsorycourses.TheseincludeEnglish,mathematics,science,technology,physicaleducationandreligiouseducation.AnewNationalCurriculumwaslaunchedinNovember2000.,AnewNationalCurriculum,ThenewcurriculumaddedInformationandCommunicationTechnologytotheexistingcurriculaforprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Italsoadvocatedashiftoffocusfromknowledge-basedapproachestoskill-basedones.Theskillsinthecurriculumincludedcommunicativeskills,theskillstosolveproblemsbyusingknowledgeofmathematicsindifferentsituations,cooperativeskills,theskillsforself-enhancementandalso“thinkingskills”.,PrimaryandSecondaryEducation,TwoparallelschoolsystemsinBritainforprimaryandsecondaryeducation:Statesystem(whereeducationisprovidedfree)Independentsystem(wherefeesarerequired)Thedifferencesbetweenthetwosystems,TheDifferencesbetweenthetwosystems,TheNationalCurriculumiscompulsoryinthestatesystem,butoptionalintheindependentsystem.Inthestatesystem,primaryeducation(5-11),secondaryeducation(11-16);whileintheindependentsystem,primaryeducation(7-13),secondaryeducation(13-16).,Thestateschoolsareco-educationalwhilesomeindependentschoolshaveasinglesexstudentbody.Stateschoolsdonttakeininternationalstudentsbelowtheageof16,unlesstheirparentsliveinBritain.Independentschoolswelcomeinternationalstudents.Nowinternationalstudentsaccountfor10%ofallthestudentsintheindependentschools.,Sixth-formEducation,Sixth-formeducation,whichlaststwoyears,isconductedeitherintheschoolswheretheyreceivedtheirsecondaryeducation,orinsixth-formcollegesandfurthereducationcollegeswhichareoftenhousedingrammarschools.Inthefirstyearofthe“sixthform”,studentsusuallystudy4or5academiccoursesleadingtoAdvancedSubsidiary(AS)qualification.,Attheendofthetwoyears,theytakeexaminationforaGeneralCertificateofEducation,AdvancedLevel(GCEA-Level).AnotherqualificationavailableforstudentsisGeneralNationalVocationalQualification(GNVQ),whichisgrantedwhenstudentspasstheexamforcertainvocationalcourseslikeart,technologyorbusiness.,BothA-levelsandAS-levelsaremostcommonentrancequalificationsforstudentstogotouniversities.ManyuniversitiesalsoacceptGNVQastheequivalentofA-level.,Independent/PublicSchools,MostofpublicschoolsaremembersoftheIndependentSchoolsCouncil,anorganizationwhichinspectsmembersschoolseverysixyearstoensurethestandardsrequiredbynationallawaremetandtoenableschoolstoremainregisteredwiththeDepartmentforEducationandSkill.About550publicschoolsareboardingschools.Mostchildrenwhogotopublicschoolsreceivetheirprimaryeducationatpreparatoryschools.,HighFees:FortheschoolyearstartinginSeptember,2004,thetoppublicschoolschargearound7000pertermforboardingschool.(WestminsterSchool,7170;Winchester,6886)So,educationinindependentschoolsremainsaprivilegeoftherich.,WestminsterSchool,WinchesterCollege,EducationinScotland,ThesamesystemappliestoallpartsofBritainexceptScotland,wherestudentsstayinprimaryschoolsuntiltheageof12andgoontosecondaryschoolsonselectivebasis.TheygraduatewithaScottishCertificateofEducation(SCE).StudentsinScotlandgotouniversitiesoneyearearlierthanthoseinotherpartsoftheUKbutstayayearlonger.,HigherEducation,Atotalnumberof170highereducationinstitutions:UniversitiesUniversitysectorcollegesTeacher-trainingcolleges,Degrees,InBritishuniversitiesandcolleges,studentsusuallyspend3yearsoffull-timestudyingforthefirstdegree,BAorBSC.Iftheywanttoobtainamasterdegreeinart(MA)orinscience(MSC),theywillneedanotheroneyearoffull-timeortwoyearspart-timestudy.Toobtainadoctoraldegreerequiresfrom3to5yearsofstudyandresearch.,Somefieldsrequirelongertimetocompletethestudyforadegree,suchasalanguagemajororthefieldofmedicine.InuniversitiesinScotland,studentsspent4yearsforthefirstdegreebecausetheyspendoneyearlessontheirsecondaryeducationthanstudentsinotherregions.,Universities,Legallyindependentandenjoycompleteacademicfreedom.CouncilschancellorvicechancellorThereisnonationalentranceexaminationofanysortinBritain.(grades,schoolreference,aninterview)Nowtherearemorethan100universities.,SourcesofIncome,AllBritishuniversitiesarepartiallyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrants,exceptBuckinghamUniversity,whichistheonlyprivateuniversityinBritain.Othersourcesofuniversityincome:tuitionfees,donations,companycontribution.,TheUniversityofBuckingham,Changes,Before1998,universitystudentsdidntpaytuitionfortheireducation.In1998,thenewLaborgovernmentimplementedatuitionfeeforuniversityeducation.In2003,theDepartmentofEducationandSkillsoutlinedaplanforreformsinhighereducation.,TopBritishUniversities(2011),OxfordUniversityCambridgeUniversityImperialCollege,LondonUniversityDurhamUniversityLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScienceUniversityofSt.Andrews,TheUniversityofWarwickLancasterUniversityUniversityCollegeLondonYorkUniversity,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience(LSE),TheLSEistheonlyuniversityintheUKspecializinginthestudyofsocialsciencesandhasaworldwidereputationinthefield.Theworldslargestsocialscienceslibraryishousedhere.Ofthe8,000orsostudents,halfarepostgraduatesandonlyaroundathirdarefromtheUK,makingforthelargestproportionofoverseasstudentsatanyuniversityintheworld.Graduatesenjoytopemploymentratesandstartingsalaries.Fees:3,145ayearforallfull-timeundergraduatecoursesin2008.,YorkUniversity,Yorkopenedin1963,partofthenewwaveofBritishuniversities,andsincethenhasgoneontosecureitsplaceasoneofthebestplacesinthecountrytostudy.ItenjoysacollegiatesystemsimilartoOxbridge,thoughthedivisionsdontseemtobeasrigidasatthoseuniversities.Fees3,145forfull-timeundergraduate-degreesin2008-9.,WarwickUniversity,ThefirstfactyoushouldknowaboutWarwickisthatitsnotinWarwick.ItactuallyliesaboutthreemilesoutsidethecentreofCoventryandontheborderofWarwickshire.Consistentlyratedamongthebestuniversitiesinthecountry,Warwickissomethingofaleaderintheacademicfield,withinnovativeapproachestocommunityinvolvementandwideningparticipation.Fees3,145forfull-timeundergraduatecoursesin2008-9.,OxfordUniversity,CambridgeUniversity,CambridgeUniversity,Oxbridge,OxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversitydatebackto13thcentury.CollegesThetutorialsystem,Colleges,OxfordandCambridgeeachhasmorethan30colleges.Studentsregisterwiththeuniversityandoneofthecolleges.Theuniversityprovidesthingsnecessaryforacademicstudies,whilethecollegeprovidesforstudentswelfaresuchaslodgingandsportsfacilities.,TheTutorialSystematOxford,Collegesalsooverseetheacademicprogressthroughthetutorialsystem.Thetutorialistypicallyaone-hourmeetingbetweenoneortwostudentsandthetutor.Tutorialsusuallymeetonceaweekoreveryotherweek,andatthecenterofthetutorialisanessayonatopicthetutorpreviouslyassigned.Thetutorwillleadadiscussionabouttheessaytopicinanefforttoprovidenewinsights.Attheendofthetutorial,thetutorwillassignanewtopicandmayofferrecommendedreading.,Tutorialsareindividuallyarranged,takingintoaccountthesubjecttobestudiedandthetutorsareaofexpertise.Theyaresimilartoindependentstudycourses,butOxfordstudentsbearevenmoreresponsibilityforconductingindependentresearchandmaintaininggoodacademicprogress.,AtOxfordyoullbeexpectedtodomuchmoreworkonyourownandtothinkmoreindependentlythaninmostotherteachingmethods.Yourtutoristheretoguideyourstudies,ratherthantofeedyoufactsandinformation,andthisprovidestheopportunityforintensiveacademicstudyunderauniqueandprestigioussystem.,本科生的导师称Tutor，研究生的导师称Supervisor。导师是学生所选择科目的学者，他负责指导学生的学业和品行，协助安排学生的学习计划，指导他如何取得进步。学生在开学期间每周必须到导师那里去至少一次，这种谈话叫Tutorial（个人辅导）。,以学习英国文学的本科生为例，导师在对学生实施学术指导前，首先会为学生指定他每周阅读些什么文学作品，要求他写出读书心得报告。学生按时去见导师，把报告读给老师或者几个学生与老师一起听，让学生们一起讨论、评价，导师作一些点评。导师还要求学生去上一些必读的语言课，或建议他去听一些学术演讲。文科生一般都是这样做的，即主要是读书和写心得报告。导师通过听学生的心得报告，检查和了解学生是否已消化了他读过的书，有没有创见，文笔怎样。理、工、医科的学生