TEM-4-历年语法考点(第四章-虚拟语气.ppt

TEM-4历年语法考点,第四章虚拟语气,在1997-2010专四语法考试中，虚拟语气的考题占总比例的12%，而且几乎每年都考。虚拟语气结构特殊、形式多样、特殊句型多。历年主要的考查点有：条件句中的虚拟语气、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气、以及某些特殊句型、词语（名词、动词、形容词）后的从句中的虚拟语气。,一、时态类的虚拟语气1.非真实条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气通过动词时态的变化，来表达怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、现象或祝愿等情感。虚拟条件句可以用来叙述：第一，和现在事实相反的情况；第二，和过去事实相反的情况；第三，和将来事实相反的情况。具体的时态变化如下：,2虚拟语气的倒装句1)条件句中省略if的倒装句条件句中有were,had,should,could时，可以省略if，而把were,had,should,could放在主语前。e.g.：Shouldyouneedmoreinformation,pleasefeelfreetocontactus.=IfyoushouldneedHadIhadmoretimeduringmyholiday,Iwouldhavegonetothemuseumonemoretime.=IfIhadhad,2)whetherit(he/she)beor结构的倒装whetherit(he/she)beor结构的意思是“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步。它可以省略whether,同时把be放在it(he/she)之前，构成倒装句beit(he/she)ore.g.:Whetheritbetrueornot,Iwillgotoseemyself.=Beittrueornot,Iwillgotoseemyself.,动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气与现在事实相反，用一般过去时或were；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词;表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would(should/could/might)+动词原形。e.g.：Shewishesshehadtakenherteachersadvice.（和过去事实相反）IwishIwereinBeijing.（和现在事实相反）Jennywishedshewouldgowithustomorrow.（将来不太可能实现的愿望）,4错综时间条件句当虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的时间而选用适当的虚拟语气形式，这就叫错综时间条件句。,e.g.:HadItakenmyumbrellawithmethismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.（条件从句指的是过去的事情，而主句指的是现在的情况。）IfIwereyou,Iwouldnothaveboughtthiscar.（条件从句是指现在的情况，而主句是指过去发生的事情。）,5含蓄条件句1)有些是时态类的虚拟语气的句子，没有由if或Iwish引导的条件从句，但是根据句意，仍需要用虚拟语气。e.g.:1）without，butfor,with，under等所引导的条件状语。Butforyourhelpwecouldnthavesucceeded.=Ifitwerenotforyourhelp,wecouldnthavesucceeded.Undermorefavorableconditionswecouldhavefinishedthetaskbetter.,2）表示转折的并列连词or（or后的分句用虚拟语气）,but(but前的分句用虚拟语气)，或副词otherwise。e.g.：Shewouldhavegonewithus,butshewastoobusy.（注意：这个句子前半句用虚拟表示和过去事实相反，但是but之后用的是一般过去时，因为but之后说的是事实，不需要用虚拟语气。）Sheisill.Otherwiseshewouldbeheretoseeyou.（otherwise后用了虚拟语气，表示和现在事实相反的情况。）,3）supposing,suppose,provided,providing,given+名词性结构或that从句。e.g.：SupposingthatwewereinSingapore,whatwouldyoudonow?Givenmoremoney,wewouldhavedonetheexperimentbetter.,6Ifonly和Wouldthat后的虚拟语气Ifonly和Wouldthat之后的句子需要用虚拟语气，表示现在没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示过去没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用过去完成时。Wouldthat是I(we)would的简化，Iwould相当于Iwish。e.g.：IfonlyIhadbeenmorecareful!WouldthatIwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky!,二、从句中的虚拟语气从句中的虚拟语气主要通过一些特殊的动词、形容词、名词和词组体现出来。这类从句包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句等。1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）表示“建议、要求、命令、决定”等意念的动词、以及祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，用(should)+动词原形。e.g.:Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby15%.工人要求涨15%的工资。,这些动词有：suggest,advise,order,demand,request,insist,require,propose,ask,beg,move（建议）,arrange,urge,desire,recommend,promise,prefer等。例如：Headvisedthatthedoctorbesentfor.,注：suggest和insist的特例：当suggest的意思不是“建议”，而是“暗示，表明”；insist的意思不是“坚决要求”，而是“坚持认为，坚持说”时，这两个词后面的从句不用虚拟语气。例如：Allthesefactssuggestthatheisanhonestman.(suggest的意思是“表明”，故不用虚拟语气。）试比较：Heinsistedthathedidnotbetrayhisfriend.（insist的意思是“坚持说”，故不用虚拟语气。）Heinsistedthathe(should)comewithus.（insist在此句中的意思是“坚决要做某事”，所以要用虚拟语气。）,2）某些宾语从句常有形容词做宾语补足语，在这种情况下，习惯上用it作形式宾语，将形容词置于it和that引导的宾语从句之间。此时，受毗邻关系的影响，宾语从句中的谓语动词用动词原形或should+v。e.g.：Weallconsideritnecessarythathe(should)explaineverythingclearlyinfrontofthecommittee.,3)hadhoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其宾语从句的谓语动词常用“would+动词原形”。e.g.：IhadhopedthathewouldgototheU.S.andstudythere,buthesaidhelikedtostayinChina.,注：类似的表达方式还有这三种：hadmeant(intended,desired,hoped,planned等）+todosth.；meant(intended,desired,hoped,planned等)+tohavedonesth.was(were)+tohavedonesth.例如：Ihadmeanttobuysomeapples,butIforgotaboutit.=Imeanttohaveboughtsomeapples,butIforgotaboutit.=Iwastohaveboughtsomeapples,butIforgotaboutit.,2.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气，很多都是采用“Itis+形容词（名词）+that从句”的结构。1）下列形容词后的that从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形：important,essential,necessary,urgent,appropriate,desirable,insistent,vital,compulsory,imperative,ridiculous,advisable,preferable,anxious,careful,unthinkable等。例如：Itisessentialthateverybodyabidebytheserules.Itisridiculousthatheshouldblameherforthat.,2）下列形容词或名词表示说话人的“惊异、懊悔、失望”等情感，中文常翻译成“竟然、居然”，其后的that从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形或shouldhave+过去分词，这种情况下的should不省略：amazing,odd,strange,surprising,astonishing,annoying,irritable,embarrassing,discouraging,ashamed,upset,disappointing,shocking,dreadful,apity,ashame,等。例如：Itwasastonishingthatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayingaword!Itissurprisingthatheshouldhavesaidthat!Itisapitythatyoushouldmisssuchagoodchance.,3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气表示“建议、要求、命令、决定”等意念的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句，用(should)+动词原形。这些词有：advice,demand,order,necessity,decision,proposal,resolution,requirement,suggestion,idea,recommendation,preference,request,plan,motion,desire等。例如：Thegeneralissuedtheorderthatthetroopswithdrawatonce.（同位语从句）TherequestisthatallapplicantssubmittheapplicationformbeforenextFriday.（表语从句）,4由forfearthat,inorderthat等引导的目的状语从句由forfearthat,inorderthat,sothat,lest（唯恐、以免）引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用should(could,might)+动词原形；lest后的从句中谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。例如：PleaseremindmeofittomorrowagainlestIshouldforget.Theyhidthemselvesintheforestforfearthattheenemyshouldfindthem.,5asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句或者表语从句asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句或者表语从句中，有时要用虚拟语气。表示和现在事实相反，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示和过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形。例如：Hetalksabouttheactressasifhewereanoldfriendofher.(方式状语从句，和现在事实相反)Itlooksasthoughitmightrain.（表语从句，对将来的推测）,三、其他常见的虚拟语气句型Itis(high,about)timethat句型Itis(high,about)timethat句型中，谓语动词用一般过去时，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该做某事而已经有些晚了”。e.g.：Itisabouttimewediscussedthisplanindetails.,2.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter等后的句子中在wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter等后的句子中，用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，用一般过去时或were；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词。e.g.：Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.（表示现在的愿望）Iwouldsoonerthatshehadstayedathome.（表示对过去的事情的愿望）,3.should条件句+祈使句的结构e.g.:Ifyoushouldneedanyhelpwiththecar,feelfreetocallus.Shouldyourequirefurtherinformation,pleasecallourmanageratanytime.（注：该结构常常用省略If的倒装形式）,4.butthat（若不是）句型在该句型中，大多数情况下，从句用陈述语气，主句谓语动词用“would(should,could)+have+过去分词”表示和过去事实相反的情况。e.g.：ButthatIsawit(=IfIhadntseenit),Iwouldnthavebelievedit.(butthat从句是真实情况，主句用虚拟，表示和过去事实相反。)Butthatshehelps(=Ifshedidnthelp),Ishouldfail.,5ifitwerenotfor和ifithadnotbeenfor句型在ifitwerenotfor和ifithadnotbeenfor句型中，主句用虚拟语气。例如：Ifithadnotbeenforthetrip,wewouldnothaveknowneachother.Ifitwerenotfortheexpense,Iwouldstayatabetterhotel.,Exercise,1.Ifyourcar_anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed2._you_furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,had3.IfonlyI_playtheguitaraswellasyou!A.wouldB.couldC.shouldD.might,4.Ifonlythepatient_adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceiving5.“Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?”“Idontknow.Butitsabouttime_onsomething.A.IddecideB.IdecidedC.IdecideD.Imdeciding,6.Itshightimewe_cuttingdowntherainforests.A.stoppedB.hadtostopC.shallstopD.stop7._,Illmarryhimallthesame.A.WasherichorpoorB.WhetherrichorpoorC.WereherichorpoorD.Beherichorpoor8._forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.A.HaditnotbeenforB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot,9.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he_abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were10.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_mucheasiertolearn.A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen11.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.werentB.hasntbeenC.hadntbeenD.wouldntbe,12.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave13.I_aspeechifIhadnotbeencalledaway.A.wastomakeB.wastohavemadeC.wouldmakeD.hadmade14.Heleftordersthatnothing_toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe,15.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirtermpapersontime.A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin16.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam_hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues17.Iamsurprised_thiscityisadullplacetolivein.A.t