语言学精品课ppt-06.ppt

Topic6,Semantics,Chapter5Semantics,DefinitionThestudyofmeaning.Whatismeaning?,2.Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeanings.,2.1.Thenamingtheory.(Plato)2.2.TheconceptualistviewThought/reference(concept)Symbol/formReferent,2.3.Contextualism,Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thekingbecameworried.“blackcoffee”vs.“blackhair”,2.4.Behaviorism(Bloomfield),Themeaningofwordsisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.JillJackS-r-s-R,3.Lexicalmeaning,Sense:theinherentmeaningofthelinguisticforms,thecollocationofallthefeaturesoflinguisticforms;abstractandde-contextualized.Aspectofmeaningfoundinthedictionary.Reference:whatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.,Referencewithdifferentsense,thesamereferencebutdifferentsensei.e.morningstareveningstarthesamestarintheskybutappearsindifferentplacesinthemorningandevening:theVenus.,Referencewithlittlesense,Certainpropernamesappeartohaveonlyreferences.AnamelikeChristJonesmaypointoutacertainperson,itsreference,butlittlelinguisticmeaning.Butsomenamesmayhavebothsenseandreference.i.e.Chinesenames.,Referencewithlittlesense,Certainpropernamesappeartohaveonlyreferences.AnamelikeChristJonesmaypointoutacertainperson,itsreference,butlittlelinguisticmeaning.Butsomenamesmayhavebothsenseandreference.i.e.Chinesenames.,Withsensebutnoreference,Somelinguisticformsmayhavesensebutnoreference.ThekingofFranceisbald.Bytheyear3,000,ourdescendentswillhaveleftearth.,4.Majorsenserelations,4.1.synonymydialectalsynonymsstylisticsynonymssynonymswithemotionalandevaluativedifferencescollocationalsynonymssemanticallydifferentsynonyms4.2.polysemy4.3.homonymy,Antonymy,GradableantonymsComplementaryantonymsRelationalantonyms,Exercises,1.Distinguishwhatkindsofantonymsthefollowingcoupleswordsare.good-badexpensive-cheapparentoffspringhotcoldlegalillegallargersmallerpoorrichfastslowhusbandwifeasleepawakerude-politepassfail,Exercise,2.Decidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofpolysemyorofhomonymy.a.bark(ofadogvs.ofatree)b.fork(inaroadvs.instrumentofeating)c.tail(ofacoatvs.ofananimal)d.steer(toguidevs.youngdesexedbull)e.Youvetriedtherest.Nowtrythebest.Myachinglimbscriedoutforrest.,f.Icantseethereasonforit.Whatdidyousee?g.Shechosearedandblackdress.Thedancersallworenationaldress.h.Dontpatronizeme!照顾Ialwayspatronizethisplace.光顾Key:a-h,b-p,c-p,d-h,e-h,f-p,g-p,h-h,Exercise,Inthefollowingexamples,markwhetherwhatisintendedissense(S)orreference(R).a.Extinguishhasthesamemeaningasputout.b.Whenhesaidmyex,hemeantHelen.c.Ifyoulookoutthewindow,youllseewhoImean.d.Whatdoyoumean,youvebeenseeingmysister?srrs,5.Senserelationsbetweensentences,5.1.XissynonymouswithY.InthiscasewesayYparaphrasesX.Thehorsethrewtherider.Theriderwasthrownbythehorse.Itiseasytoplaysonatasonthispiano.Thispianoiseasytoplaysonatason.Onthispianoitiseasytoplaysonatas.Sonatasareeasytoplayonthispiano.,BoothassassinatedLincoln.ItwasBoothwhoassassinatedLincoln.ThepersonwhoassassinatedLincolnwasBooth.Thestudentsgavemoneytothebeggar.Thestudentsgavethebeggarmoney.,5.2.XisinconsistentwithY.Johnismarried.Johnisabachelor.5.3.Entailment.CordyassassinatedMarat.Maratisdead.,5.4.Contradiction,Thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence,forexample:ElizabethIIisqueenofEngland.ElizabethIIisaman.Scottisababy.Scottisanadult.,6.Analysisofmeaning,6.1.ComponentialanalysisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningAwayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponentscalledsemanticfeatures.Man+Human+Adult+MaleWoman+Human+Adult-Male,Componentialanalysis-nouns,father=PARENT(x,y)thereforethemeaningisalsoquitedifferent.,c.f.girlboyboymanPrettywomanhandsomevesselflowerovercoatgardenairlinervillagetypewriter,7.7.thematicmeaning,Thematicmeaningis“whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”Soanactivesentencehasdifferentmeaningfromitsp