英语句子成分及句子类型.ppt

取得英语语法成功的基石,句子成分,英语的词性：名词(nouns)n.代词(pronoun)pron.实词数词(numeral)num.形容词(adjective)adj.或a.副词(adverb)adv.动词(verb)v作文题目中，实词都大写，虚词要小写介词(preposition)prep.虚词连词(conjunction)conj.冠词(article)art,一.英语句子的基本成分有8种：,主语(subject)-s谓语(predicate)-v宾语(object)-o定语(attribute)-attrib状语(adverbial)-adv补语(complement)-c表语(predicative)-p同位语(Appositive),一、主语,主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于_。,1.Lucylikeshernewbike.2.Weworkhard.3.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.4.Playingfootballafterschoolisgreatfun.,句首,1.WeloveChina.2.Sheseemstired.3.HecanspeakEnglish4.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.,二、谓语,谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_充当.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,实义动词连系动词情态动词助动词,（V.）,情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,TheycanspeakEnglishwell.Theyareplayingoverthere.,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be（am,is,are,was,were,been,being）一词Heisateacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stayHealwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThisflowersmellsverysweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnoutTherumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。,三、宾语,宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,1.WestudyEnglish.2.Ourteachersaidthathewouldgothere.3.Heislookingatthedog.,双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。Hegavemetwobooks.,及物动词,介词,表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,Thetreesturngreen.Theflowersarebeautiful.MyjobistoteachyouEnglish.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.,四、表语,定语：用来修饰限定_.,Thisisaredcar.Thebuildingistheirteachingbuilding.Thewomandoctorismywife.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.ThemaninfrontofthegateisMr.Li.EverystudenthasanEnglishbook.,五、定语,名词,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、状语,JohnoftencametochatwithmeAshewasill,hedidntcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.Hecamerunning.,(程度目的),（地点伴随）,（地点时间）,（让步）,（方式）,(原因),补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。,七、补语,EveryonecallshimJack.（宾补）HeiscalledJack.（主补）,同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明TheGreatWall,oneofthewondersintheworld,attractsalargenumberofforeignfriends.,八、同位语,一、主语主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Thesunrisesintheeast.（）2.Helikesdancing.（）3.Twowillbeenough.()4.Seeingisbelieving.（）6.Toseeistobelieve.（）7.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.()8.Whatheneedsisabook.（）9.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（）,名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.(),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,二、宾语宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Shelivedahappylife.()2.Iloveyou.()3.Weneedtwo.()4.Doyoumindmyopeningthedoor?()5.HebegantolearnEnglishayearago.()6.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.()7.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?()8.Shefeltitherdutytotakegoodcareofthem.(),名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,二、表语表语可以用下面这些东西表示：Heisateacher.()Myideaisthis.()Shewasthefirsttoarrive.()Ifeelmuchbettertoday./Imustbeoffnow.()Heisoutofdanger.()Thenewswasexciting./Theywereexcitedatthenews.()WhatsurprisedmemostwasthathespokeChinesesowell.(),名词,代词,数词,从句,形容词/副词,介词短语,分词,三、定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示：Itsaredcar.()Theyliveintheroomabove.()Mybrotherisateacher.()Webelongtothethirdworld.()Lucysfatherisapoorworker.()Mothermadeabirthdaycakeforme.()Themanunderthetreeismyteacher.()Theswimmingboyismybrother./Theboyswimmingintheriverismybrother.(),形容词,副词,代词,数词,名词所有格,名词,介词短语,现在分词,三、定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示：Ilikedthefoodcookedbymymother./Retiredpeoplehaveagoodtimeathome.()Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.（）Willyoutellusaboutyourteachingplan?（）ThisistheverybookthatIneed.（）,过去分词,不定式,动名词,从句,四、状语状语可以用下面这些东西表示：Heisoftenlateforclass.()Wesawthatpictureatthecinema.()Hesattheresmoking.()Theyreturnedtiredandhungry.（）Theydideverythingtheycouldtosavetheboyslife.（）Althoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.()TheboxissoheavythatIcantliftit.(),副词，程度,介词短语，地点,分词，伴随,不定式，目的,形容词，状态,让步状语从句,结果状语从句,四、状语状语可以用下面这些东西表示：Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.（）Hewasangrybecausewewerelate(）Ifitrainstomorrow,wewontgoout.(),时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句,五、宾语补足语：IconsiderJimagoodfriend.()Ialwaysfindherhappy.()Peoplepraisedhimasahero.()IhadtheTVfixed.()Isawhimenteringthebuilding.()Whatmadeyouthinkso?()Doyouwantmetogo?(),形容词,名词,介词短语,过去分词,现在分词,省略掉to的不定式,不定式,ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.,主语,谓语,定语,宾语,同位语,状语,1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。Heworkedhardallhislife.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)HeisaschoolstudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student),简单句基本句型,陈述对象+陈述内容主语+谓语谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构启示：（1）分析复杂句时，先找谓语。（2）写句子时，要知道谓语动词的用法特点,二.五种简单基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,间宾指人，直宾指物,基本句型（1）：主+系+表,表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在系动词后。,1)Myuncleisaprofessor.2)Helookedtired.3)Thebasketballmatchison.4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.5)Ouraimwastowinmoremedals.6)HisworkisteachingFrench.7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.,1)Myuncleisaprofessor.2)Helookedtired.3)Thebasketballmatchison.4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.5)Ouraimwastowinmoremedals.6)HisworkisteachingFrench.7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.,系动词：1)be，seem，appear2)look，sound，taste，smell，feel3)get，turn，grow，become，go4)stay，remain，keep，continue,感官类,变化类,维持类,基本句型（2）主+谓：S+V,谓语动词特特点：不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语）,1.Thesunrises.（rise-rose-risen是vi，不能带O.）2.Theredsunrises.（red修饰sun，作定语）3.Theredsunrisesintheeast.（状语Adverbial）,Translation,1.你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,Youshouldstudyhard.,Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.,Thatmorningwetalkedagreatdeal.,Themeetingwilllasttwohours.,Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepasttenyears.,基本句型（3）主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V.+O.）该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。,Translation1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。,Iwrotealetterlastnight.,Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.,Hehasreadthisbookmanytimes.,Theyhavecarriedouttheplansuccessfully.,注意：带V-ing做宾语的动词有：suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，finish，escape,admit，excuse，delay，practise,consider，keep，mind，understand，avoid，miss，risksucceedin，bebusy，beworth，beusedto，giveup，lookforwardto,注意：带todo做宾语的动词有：offer,learn,intend,plan,demand,ask,promise,help，prepare，decide,determine，refuse，dare，manage，wish,hope,want,expect，fail，pretend，choose,seem,expect,hope,offer,agree,refuse,learn,help,plan,intend,etc.,基本句型（4）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（S.+V.+O.+O.）请观察：1）Hebringsmecookieseveryday.如果意思不变，也可以怎么说呢？2）Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.即要借助于介词to或for,朗读：Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.归纳：to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等。（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。,翻译练习：1.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。,1.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Maryhandedthewallettotheschoolmaster.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?5.Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.,基本句型（5）主谓宾宾补S+Vt.+O+O.C宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.,用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.,1我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3我要你把真相告诉我。4.卫兵命令我们立即离开。5每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。6我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,WecallherAlice.,Allofusconsideredhimhonest.,Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.,Theguardsorderedustoleaveatonce.,EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.,Wewontlethergooutatnight.,translation,根据所学知识，分析句子结构1.Theyworkhard.主+谓2.Theflowerisdead.主+系+表3.Plantsneedwater.主+谓+宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主+谓+直宾+间宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主+谓+宾+宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主+谓,7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主+谓+宾+宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主+系+表,并列句,用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。,用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,butwedidntcatchathing.,句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句,并列句的分类,1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.,3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.,Exercise:请用合适的并列