句子成分高中英语从句及联系

.一.宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。二.宾语从句中引导词的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。例句：I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例句：I cant tell him that his mother died.注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句在带to的不定式前例句：We decided whether to walk there.在介词的后面例句：Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film.在动词后面的宾语从句时例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week直接与or not连用时例句：I cant say whether or not thet can come on time.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句：He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：I dont know what they are looking for.Could you tell me when the train will leave?Can you imagine what kind of man he is?四.宾语从句的时态主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.五.宾语从句的特点宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.一.翻译句子 完成下列宾语从句：1.Please tell me .（我们什么时候开会）2.Can you tell me .（他在哪儿）3.Could you tell me （我该怎么去车站）4.Would you tell me （为什么火车迟到了）5.I want to know .（他是否跟我们一起去公园）6.Ask him .（他是否能来）7.I dont know .（是否要下雨） 1.表语从句：就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Eg:The problem is puzzling. 这问题令人困惑主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句2.连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。how I can persuade her to join us in the party.我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。whether the enemy is marching towards us.是否敌人正向我们行进.二、注意：1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.2.不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether，位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whetherThe question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.It looked as if he had understood this question.3.不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.4.that在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句的基本用法:表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句.例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need. (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。The scissors are not what I need. (what 在表语从句中充当宾语)这把剪刀不是我所需要的。What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略)That is what I want to tell you. (what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)那就是我想要对你讲的。That is why she failed to pass the exam. (why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)那就是她考试不及格的原因。注意： “That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如： That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. (前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异， 说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构， 它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果)1. 这就是我想做的 2. 这房子正是他最需要的东西 3. 问题是谁能完成这项困难的任务 4. 今天讨论的话题是未来的学校会是怎样的 表语从句与宾语从句的关系宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表语从句。宾语从句(1)对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去, 当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether(是否), 当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。表语从句在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。如： What the police want to know is when you enred red the room警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。The The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。This This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。That”s s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。His His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。注意：从句中的疑问句用正常语序，即陈述语序。as as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。She She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。It It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词when、where、why等。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词that）His parentswouldnt let him marry anyonewhose family was poor.他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词whose）In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系代词whom）I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词when）This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。（引导词是关系副词where）二、关系代词和关系副词的功用能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。1、作主语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。All that isneeded is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）（引导词which在句中作主语）2、作宾语在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先生。（引导词whom，不可省略）3、作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的那位老师。注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。4、作状语关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。三、关系代词的用法英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。In the beginning,peoplewho bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)The person (whom) youshouldwrite to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。I have a friend whose father is amayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。It isused torecord the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）5、关系代词that和which的区别（1)相同点：这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)6、关系代词who与that的区别（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。（2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。She isnt the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。7、as的用法（1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)（2）suchthat与suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“suchas”表“像这样的”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。（3）the samethat与the same as“the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）（4）as 引导非限制性定语从句as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。8、but 的用法but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/whonot”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesnt love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。9、than的用法than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。Dont give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。四、关系副词英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。1、when的用法when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。July and August are the months when theweatheris hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗?2、where的用法where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词whch或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。3、why的用法why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？巧记定语从句的用法主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。五、“介词关系代词”用法1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。注意：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米远的村庄里。2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. 她找到了两年前丢失的项链。(限制性定语从句)2、 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇见了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句)In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英国有5580万人口，每年有11万人口死于吸烟。(非限制性定语从句) 用定语从句翻译下列句子。 1.你昨天错过的会议非常重要. 2.正在做演讲的女孩是我们班的班长. 3.我昨天打坏的花瓶是很昂贵的. 4.昨天帮助了你的男孩是我的邻居. 5.这正是我所感兴趣的话题.状语从句：主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。 现分别列举如下:1、时间状语从句常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.2、地点状语从句常用引导词:where特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3、原因状语从句常用引导词:because, since, as, for特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much asMy friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.4、目的状语从句常用引导词:so that, in order that特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.5、结果状语从句常用引导词:so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.6、条件状语从句常用引导词:if, unless,特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.7、让步状语从句常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.8、比较状语从句常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词:the more the more ; just as , so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。9、方式状语从句常用引导词:as, as if, how特殊引导词:the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.1 因为期末考试还剩下一周的时间了，同学们都很忙。（there be to go） 2 由于这些产品都具备相似的效果，所以你可以任选一款。 3 他坐到老人的对面以便听得更清楚。（so that）同位语从句：在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.析：he went home意义不完整，应加如何的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此