运动系统解剖学.ppt

Humananatomy,BasicConceptsofAnatomy,Definition:humananatomy,theoldestsciencedealingwiththestructuresandfunctionsofbodyGrossanatomy:systematicanatomyregionalanatomyAppliedanatomyClinicalanatomy,人体解剖学发展简史,Hippcrates,Hippocrates-希波克拉底（公元前460377）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。,Galen,Galen-伽林（130200）古希腊名医、解剖学家，著医经，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。,Vesalius-(15141564)现代解剖学的奠基人，1543年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。,Vesalius,Harvey,Harvey-(15781657)解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。,我国人体解剖学的发展历程,公元前300200黄帝内经已有对人体解剖的记载。两宋时代五脏六腑、存真图描述了解剖学知识。王清任（17681831）编著的医林改错更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。19492003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。,人体解剖教学特点,人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。,Descriptiveanatomicalterms,Theanatomicalposition:(解剖学姿势)Thebodyisupright,legstogether,anddirectedforwards.Thepalmsareturnedforward,withthethumbslaterally.,Thetermsofthedirection(方位术语),superior上,inferior下anterior(ventral)前(腹侧)posterior(dorsal)后(背侧)medial内侧,lateral外侧internal内,external外superficial浅,profound深proximal近侧,distal远侧ulnar尺侧,radial桡侧tibial胫侧，fibular腓侧,Anatomicalaxesandplanes（轴与面）,Axis轴：Verticalaxis垂直轴Sagittalaxis矢状轴Coronalaxis冠状轴Plane面:Sagittalplane矢状面Coronalplane冠状面Horizontalplane水平面或transverseplane横切面,TheLocomotorSystem运动系统,运动系统由bone骨、joints关节和muscles骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官功能:support支持Protection保护Locomotion运动,Introductionoftheosteology骨学总论,Bonesinadultare206innumber.ClassificationofboneBonesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirpositionandshapeThepositioncanbe:skull颅骨bonesoftrunk躯干骨appendicularskeleton四肢骨Typesofshapeinclude:longbone长骨shortbone短骨flatbone扁骨irregularbone不规则骨,Longbones(foundinlimbs):Diaphysisorshaft骨干,whichishollow(calledmedullarycavity骨髓腔),filledwithbonemarrowTwoendsepiphysis骺articularsurface关节面,metaphysis干骺端,epiphysialcartilage骺软骨,andepiphysialline骺线Shortbones:cuboidalinshape,e.g.carpalbones,Flatbones:thin,Irregularbones:haveanyirregularormixedshape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumaticbones含气骨*Sesamoidbones籽骨:developwithintendon,Generalstructuresofbone骨的构造,Bonesubstance骨质compactbone骨密质spongybone骨松质呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplateandinnerplate外板和内板,whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediplo板障,Periosteum骨膜:OuterorfibrouslayerInnerlayerisvascularandprovidestheunderlyingbonewithnutrition.Italsocontainsosteoblasts(成骨细胞)Endosteum骨内膜isasingle-cellularosteogeniclayerliningtheinnersurfaceofbone.Bonemarrow骨髓Redmarrow红骨髓:haematopoietic造血Yellowmarrow黄骨髓:fatty,Chemicalcompositionandphysicalproperties化学成分和物理性质,Organicmaterial有机质：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。Inorganicsalts无机质：主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性,Bonesoftrunk躯干骨,Composition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternumandribsVertebrae椎骨Thereare33vertebraeinchildren,arrangedasfollows:Cervicalvertebrae颈椎C.7Thoracicvertebrae胸椎T.12Lumbarvertebrae腰椎L.5Sacralvertebrae骶椎S.5sacrum骶骨Coccygealvertebrae尾椎Co.34coccyx尾骨,Generalfeaturesofvertebrae,Vertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓pedicleofvertebralarch椎弓根:sup.andinf.Vertebralnotch椎上、下切迹laminaofvertebralarch椎弓板process(7):spinousprocess棘突transverseprocess横突sup.andinf.articularprocesses上、下关节突Vertebralforamen椎孔Vertebralcanal椎管Intervertebralforamen椎间孔,Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,CervicalvertebraeVertebraeBody:smallVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:shortandbifidinC3toC5,longinC6,andlongerinC7Transverseprocesses:shortandbifid,transverseforamen横突孔Articularprocesses:horizontal,Atlas寰椎(C1)Bodyandspinousprocessabsent,consistsofanteriorandposteriorarches,andtwolateralmassesGrooveforvertebralartery椎动脉沟,Axis枢椎(C2):distinguishedbydens齿突whicharticulateswithdentalfoveaofanteriorarchofatlas,Carotidtubercle:颈动脉结节:anteriortubercleoftransverseprocessofC6Vertebraprominens隆椎(C7):containslongandnon-bifidspinousprocess,itisvisiblewithneckflexed,usedasclinicallandmarkincountingcervicalandthoracicspinousprocesses,Thoracicvertebrae,VertebraeBody：heart-shape,superiorandinferiorcostalfovea上、下肋凹Vertebralforamen：smaller,rounderSpinousprocesses：long,pointobliquelydownwardTransverseprocesses：transversecostalfovea横突肋凹Articularprocesses:coronal,VertebraeBody：larger,kidney-shapeVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:projectshorizontallyTransverseprocesses:longArticularprocesses:sagittal,Sacrum,Anteriorsurface:promontory岬,anteriorsacralforamina骶前孔(fourpairs)Posteriorsurface:mediansacralcrest骶正中嵴,posteriorsacralforamina(fourpairs),sacralhiatus骶管裂孔，sacralcornu骶角Lateralpart:auricularsurface耳状面,sacraltuberosity骶粗隆,Transsacral(epidural)anasthesia,Cornua,palpation,Sacralhiatus,Sternum,Manubriumsterni胸骨柄:jugularnotch颈静脉切迹,clavicularnotch锁切迹Bodyofsternum胸骨体XiphoidprocessSternalangle胸骨角:thejunctionofmanubriumandbody,whichconnects2ndcostalcartilagelaterally,andliesoppositelowerborderofT4posteriorly,Sternalangle胸骨角,whichconnects2ndcostalcartilagelaterally,andliesoppositelowerborderofT4posteriorly,Ribs肋:12pair,GeneralfeaturesRibs17calledtrueribs真肋Ribs810calledfalseribs假肋Ribs1112calledfloatingribs浮肋,Characteristicsof“typical”rib,Posteriorend:costalhead肋头,costalneck肋颈,costaltubercle肋结节Shaft:costalangle肋角,costalgroove肋沟Anteriorend,Atypicalrib,Firstrib:tubercleforscalenusanterior前斜角肌结节,sulcusforsubclavianarteryandvein锁骨下动、静脉沟11thand12thribslackcostalnecks,tuberclesandangles,TheBonesofLimbs,山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华,Bonesofupperlimbs,Composition:Shouldgirdle上肢带骨clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨inarmRadius桡骨andulna尺骨inforearmCarpal腕骨,metacarpals掌骨andphalanges指骨inhand,Clavicle锁骨,“S”shaped,medial2/3convexforwardandlateral1/3convexbackwardSternalend胸骨端mediallyandacromialend肩峰端laterally,Scapula肩胛骨,ThreebordersSuperior:coracoidprocess喙突,scapularnotch肩胛切迹Lateral(axillary)border腋缘Medial(vertebral)border脊柱缘ThreeanglesSuperior:oppositetothe2ndribInferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalsspaceLateral:glenoidcavity关节盂,supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles盂上、下结节TwosurfacesAnteriorsurfaceconcave:subscapularfossa肩胛下窝Posteriorsurface:supra-andinfraspinousfossae冈上、下窝,spineofscapula肩胛冈,acromion肩峰,Humerus肱骨,Upperend:headofhumerus肱骨头,anatomicalneck解剖颈,greaterandlessertubercles大、小结节,crestsofgreaterandlessertubercle,大、小结节嵴，intertuberculargroove结节间沟,surgicalneck外科颈Shaft:deltoidtuberosity三角肌粗隆onlateralsurface,andagrooveforradialnerve桡神经沟onposteriorsurfaceLowerend:lateralandmedialepicondyles内、外上髁,capitulum肱骨小头,trochlea肱骨滑车,coranoidfossa冠突窝andradialfossa桡窝(anteriorly)andolecranonfossa鹰嘴窝(posteriorly),andsulcusforulnarnerve尺神经沟,Radius,Upperend:headofradius桡骨头,neckofradius桡骨颈,radialtuberosity桡骨粗隆,andarticularcircumference环状关节面Shaft：interosseousborder骨间缘Lowerend:styloidprocess茎突laterally,ulnarnotch尺切迹medially,andcarpalarticularsurface腕关节面inferiorly,Fractureofthedistalendpftheradius,Ulnar,Upperend:olecranon鹰嘴coronoidprocess冠突trochlearnotch滑车切迹radialnotch桡切迹ulnartubersity尺骨粗隆Lowerendstyloidprocess尺骨茎突headofulna尺骨头,Carpalbones腕骨Proximalrow(lateraltomedial)scaphoid手舟骨,lunate月骨,triquetral三角骨andpisiform豌豆骨Distalrow(lateraltomedial)trapezium大多角骨,trapezoid小多角骨,capitate头状骨andhamate钩骨Metacarpalbones掌骨NumberedonetofivefromthumbtolittlefingerStructureofeachbase(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)Phalangesoffingers指骨Consistof14twoforfirstdigit(thumb)andthreeforeachofotherfourdigitsStructureofeachbase(proximally),shaft,andtrochleaofphalanx(distally),tuberosityofdistalphalanx远节指骨粗隆,BonesofLowerLimb,Composition:Pelvicgirdle:hipbone髋骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb:Femur股骨inthigh(patella髌骨)Tibia胫骨andfibula腓骨inlegTarsals跗骨,metatarsals跖骨,phalangesoftoes趾骨infoot,Hipbone,Consistingofthreefusedbones,ilium,ischium,pubisIlium髂骨Bodyofilium髂骨体toformsuperior2/5ofacetabulum髋臼Alaofilium髂骨翼:iliaccrest髂嵴,anteriorsuperioriliacspine髂前上棘，anteriorinferioriliacspine髂前下棘,tubercleofiliaccrest髂结节,posteriorsuperioriliacspine髂后上棘，posteriorinferioriliacspine髂后下棘,greatersciaticnotch坐骨大切迹,glutealsurface臀面，iliacfossa髂窝,arcuateline弓状线,auricularsurface耳状面,iliactuberosity髂粗隆,Ischium坐骨Bodyofischium坐骨体toformposteriorandinferior2/5ofacetabulum,ischialspine坐骨棘,lessersciaticnotch坐骨小切迹Ramusofischium坐骨支,ischialtuberosity坐骨结节Pubis耻骨Bodyofpubis耻骨体toformanteriorandinferior1/5ofacetabulum,iliopubiceminence髂耻隆起Superiorramusofpubis耻骨上支:pectenofpubis耻骨梳,pubictubercle耻骨结节,pubiccrest耻骨嵴,symphysialsurface耻骨联合面Inferiorramusofpubis耻骨下支:obturatorforamen闭孔Acetabulum髋臼formedbybodiesofischium,iliumandpubisLunatesurface月状面,acetabularfossa髋臼窝,acetabularnotch髋臼切迹,Femur股骨,Upperend:femoralhead股骨头,foveaoffemoralhead股骨头凹,neckoffemur股骨颈,greatertrochanter大转子，lessertrochanter小转子,intertrochantericline转子间线,intertrochantericcrest转子间嵴Shaft:lineaaspera粗线,glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆,pectinealline耻骨肌线，poplitealsurface腘面Lowerend:medialandlateralcondyles内、外侧髁，medialandlateralepicondyles内、外上髁,adductortubercle收肌结节，intercondylarfossa髁间窝,patellarsurface髌面,Fractureofthefemoralneck,Tibia胫骨,Upperend:medialandlateralcondyles内、外侧髁,intercondylareminence髁间隆起,fibulararticularsurface腓关节面,tuberosityoftibia胫骨粗隆Shaft:interosseousborder骨间缘,solealline比目鱼肌线Lowerend:fibularnotch腓切迹,medialmalleolus内踝,Fibula腓骨,Upperend:fibularhead腓骨头,neckoffibula腓骨颈Shaft:interosseousborder骨间缘Lowerend:lateralmalleolus外踝Patella髌骨triangularsesamoidbone,Tarsalbones跗骨,ConsistofsevenshortbonesarrangedinthreerowPosteriorrowtalus距骨,calcaneus跟骨Intermediaterownavicularbone足舟骨Anteriorrowmedial,intermediate,andlateralcuneiforms内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,cuboidbone骰骨,Metatarsalbones跖骨,Consistoffiveelongatedbones,numberedonetofivemedialtolateralStructureofeachbase(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)ineachPhalangesoftoes趾骨Consistof14twoforfirsttoe(hallux)andthreeforeachofotherfourtoesSurfacelandmarks:trochleaoftalus距骨滑车,calcanealtuberosity跟骨结节,tuberosityofnavicularbone舟骨粗隆,andtuberosityoffifthmetatarsalbone第五跖骨粗隆,Skull颅,山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华,Theskulliscomposedof23bones,whichmaybedividedintothecerebralcraniumandfacialcranium,Cerebralcranium脑颅(8)larger,upperandposteriorpart,containsandprotectsthebrainSinglebones:includefrontalbone额骨,ethmoidbone筛骨,sphenoidbone蝶骨,occipitalbone枕骨Pairedbones:includetemporalbone颞骨parietalbone顶骨,Bonesoffacialcranium面颅(15)smaller,lower,andanteriorpart,containsbonesthatsurroundedtheeye,noseandmouthSinglebones:includemandible下颌骨,vomer犁骨hyoidbone舌骨Pairedbones:includemaxilla上颌骨,nasalbone鼻骨,lacrimalbone泪骨,palatinebone腭骨,zygomaticbone颧骨,inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲,Frontalbone,Zygomaticbone,Nasalbone,Maxilla,Mandible,Sphenoidbone,parietalbone,Temporalbone,Occipitalbone,面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。,Mandible下颌骨,BodyofmandibleSuperiorborder:alveolararch牙槽弓Inferiorborder:baseofmandible下颌底Outersurface:mentalprotuberance颏隆凸,mentalforamen颏孔Innersurface:mentalspine颏棘,digastricfossa二腹肌窝Ramus:hastwoverticalprocessesseparatedbymandibularnotch下颌切迹Coronoidprocess冠突Condylarprocess髁突headofmandible下颌头neckofmandible下颌颈Mandibularforamen下颌孔，mandibularlingula下颌小舌Angleofmandible下颌角Masseterictuberocity咬肌粗隆,Theskullasawhole颅的整体观,Skullviewedfromabove(superiorview)Bones:frontal额,pairedparietal顶,occipital枕Sutures:coronal冠状缝,sagittal矢状缝,lambdoid人字缝parietaltuber顶结节，parietalforamen顶孔Internalsurfaceofthecalvariasulcusforsuperiorsagittalsinus上矢状窦沟granularfoveola颗粒小凹arterialgrooves动脉沟Skullviewedfrombehindexternaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸superiornuchalline上项线,Internalviewofbaseofskull颅底内面观,BaseofskullformsthreefossaeAnteriorcranialfossa颅前窝Meddlecranialfossa颅中窝Posteriorcranialfossa颅后窝,Anteriorcranialfossa颅前窝,Formedbyorbitalpartoffrontalbone,cribriformplateofethmoid,andlesserwingsofsphenoidStructures:frontalcrest额嵴foramencecum盲孔cristagalli鸡冠cribriformplate筛板cribriformforamina筛孔,Meddlecranialfossa颅中窝,Formedbythebodyandgreaterwingsofsphenoid,petrouspartoftemporalStructures:bodyofsphenoidbone蝶骨体hypophysialfossa垂体窝opticcanal视神经管anteriorclinoidprocess前床突tuberculumsellae鞍结节dorsumsellae鞍背posteriorclinoidprocess后床突sellaturcica蝶鞍,Meddlecranialfossa颅中窝,carotidsulcus颈动脉沟superiororbitalfissure眶上裂foramenrotundum圆孔foramenovale卵圆孔foramenspinosum棘孔sulcusformiddlemeningealartery脑膜中动脉沟foramenlacerum破裂孔internalopeningofcarotidcanal颈脉管内口trigeminalimpression三叉神经压迹tegmentympani鼓室盖,Posteriorcranialfossa颅后窝,FormedbyoccipitalandthepetrouspartoftemporalStructures:foramenmagnum枕骨大孔clivus斜坡internalopeningofhypoglossalcanal舌下神经管内口internaloccipitalprotuberance枕内隆凸internaloccipitalcrest枕内嵴sulcusfortransversesinus横窦沟sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟jugularforamen颈静脉孔internalacousticpore内耳门internalacousticmeatus内耳道,Skullseenfrombelow(inferiorview),alveolararch牙槽弓bonypalate骨腭medianpalatinesuture腭正中缝incisiveforamina切牙孔incisivecanal切牙管greaterpalatineforamen腭大孔posteriornasalapertures鼻后孔pterygoidprocess翼突occipitalcondyle枕髁externalopeningofhypoglossalcanal舌下神经管外口externalopeningofcarotidcanal颈动脉管外口styloidprocess茎突stylomastoidforamen茎乳孔mandibularfossa下颌窝articulartubercle关节结节,Lateralviewoftheskull颅侧面观,externalacousticpore外耳门mastoidprocess乳突zygomaticarch颧弓temporalfossa颞窝pterion翼点pterygomaxillaryfissure翼上颌裂pterygopalatinefossa翼腭窝sphenopalatineforamen蝶腭孔,Skullviewedfromthefront(anteriorview)颅的前面观,Frontalregion:frontalsquama额鳞frontaltuber额结节superciliaryarch眉弓glabella眉间,Orbit眶,pyramid-shapedpairedcavitiesBase:s