英语写作基础教程第一课

WritingMemorablesignificantmoments(period1),WarmUp,Isthereasignificantmemoryinyourholiday?Whatisit?Trytopresentittous.,TypesofWriting,Andreading!,writinggenres,Therearemanydifferentformsofwritingfordifferentpurposes,Evenwithineachgenreofwritingtherearedifferentkindsofwriting,Each“kind”(orgenre)ofwritinghascertaincharacteristics,NarrativeHasaplot-beginningmiddleendHasinterestingcharactersHasaninterestingsetting(place,time),Narrative,AnarrativeisastorydevelopedfromaneventoraseriesofeventsCharacter,settingandthemoodareusuallyestablishedatthebeginningofthestoryThemiddledescribeseventsinwhichacharacterdealswithsomekindofconflictTheendofthestoryorclimax,tellshowtheconflictisresolved,Plot,Theplotisaseriesofevents,Narrativewriting,Thegeneralcharacteristicsofnarrativewritinginclude:plotstructureintroductionrisingactionclimaxfallingactionresolutionconflictcharacterizationsettingthemepointofviewsequencingtransitions,GoodNarration:IncludesspecificdetailstomaketheincidentcomealiveforyourreaderFocusesonre-creatinganincidentthathappenedtoyouoverashortperiodoftime(usuallyanemotionalexperience)Conveysaparticularmood(feeling)-doyouwanttosurpriseyourreaders,makethemlaugh,havethemshareinyoursorroworfear?,Narrationanditstypes,Itisthetypeofwritingwhichtellsastory:personalexperienceimaginativefiction,orhistoricalnarrative(astoryoranaccountofsomethingthathappened).,Personalexperiencenarrative,Narrator:firstpersonStructure:1.begining:topicsentence(who,when,where,what,why,how.),describingthewholeevent(p.2)2.body:presenttheexperienceinchronologicalorder(usingsometransitions:afterward,later,when,soon,while,before,then.)(p.5)3.end:summarizethewholetextandshowthetheme(p.3reading),Topic:,“Reunionwithmybestfriend”“whatachange”,Writing,Listalltheideasofreunionyouhaveexperienced.MakeaplanDiscusswithyourclassmateswriteaccordingtoyourplanimproved,Writing2Unit1Memorablesignificantmoments(period2),Warmup,Isthereanysignificantmomentinyourlife?Trytoshareitwithus.,Inorderforthefollowingtomakesense,youneedtounderstandthedifferencebetweenaphraseandaclause(dependentorindependent).Aphraseisagroupofwordsthatdoesnotexpressacompletethought.Itmighthaveasubjectoraverb,butitdoesnothaveboth.Asaresult,thephrasedoesnotmakesensestandingbyitself:WaitingatthestreetcornerTiredfromworkingalldayThismorningatschool,Bycontrast,aclausehasasubjectandaverbthatgoeswiththesubject;aclausemakessensebyitself.Johnwaitedatthestreetcorner.Heistiredfromworkingallday.Theaboveexamplesarecalledindependentclausesbecausetheymakesenseontheirown.However,ifyouputa“dependentclausemarker”(orsubordinatingconjunction)infrontofthem,theylosetheirindependence.Theyarenowcalleddependentclausesbecausetheyneedanotherindependentclausetomakesenseaspartofacomplexsentence.WhileJohnwaitedatthestreetcorner,(hisfriendlookedforhimatschool.)Althoughheistiredfromworkingallday,(heplaysballwithhiskidsatnight).,Effectivesentences,CoordinationSubordination,Coordinatingconjunctions:theFANBOYS:for(reason),and(addition),nor(negativechoice),but(contrast),or(choice),yet(contrast),so(resultoreffect)Conjunctiveadverbs:Addition:also,furthermore,moreover,besides,finallyContrast:however,still,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,nonetheless,instead,otherwise,stillComparison:similarly,likewiseResultorsummary:therefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,hence,thenTime:next,then,meanwhile,finally,subsequentlyEmphasis:indeed,certainly,specificallyTransitionalPhrases:Addition:inaddition,equallyimportantContrast:ontheotherhand,incontrast,atthesametime,onthecontrary,evensoComparison:inthesamewayConcession:ofcourse,tobesure,certainly,granted,admittedlyExample:forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,namely,specifically,infactSummary/Result:inshort,inbrief,insummary,inconclusion,asaresult,accordinglyTime/Ranking:first,second,third(),next,finally,afterwards,meanwhile,subsequently,eventually,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,coordination,Itiscombiningtwoormoreideasinonesentencetocreateequalemphasis.Youcancoordinatewords,phrasesandclauses.CoordinationofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategytocommunicatethattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESareequivalentorbalanced.Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether.Wheneveryouusethetechniqueofcoordinationofsentences,makesurethatitworkswellwiththemeaningyouwanttocommunicate.,Subordination,Itiscombiningtwoormoreideasinonesentencetocreateunequalemphasis.Togiveunequalemphasistotwoormoreideas,youexpressthemajorideainanindependentclauseandexpressminorideasinsubordinateclauses,phrasesorsinglewords.,Subordinationisagrammaticalstrategytocommunicatethatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tousesubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSEandthelessimportantthesubordinateideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE.Theinformationyouchoosetosubordinatedependsonthemeaningyouwanttodeliver.,SentenceswithAdverbClausesAdverbclause,independentclause.Aftertheskygrewdark,thewinddiedsuddenly.Independentclause,adverbclause.Birdsstoppedsinging,astheydoduringaneclipse.Independentclause,adverbclause.Thestoresclosedbeforethestormbegan.SentenceswithAdjectiveClausesIndependentclause,restrictive(essential)*adjectiveclause.Weatherforecastswarnedofastormthatmightbringathirty-inchsnowfall.Independentclause,nonrestrictive(nonessential)*adjectiveclause.Springistheseasonfortornadoes,whichmayhavewindspeedsover220milesanhour.Beginningofindependentclause,restrictive(essential)*adjectiveclause,endofindependentclause.Anyonewholivesthroughatornadoremembersitspower.Beginningofindependentclause,nonrestrictive(nonessential)*adjectiveclause,endofindependentclause.Thesky,whichhadbeenclear,turnedgreenishblack.,SubordinatingconjunctionsandtheirmeaningsTimeafter,before,once,since,until,when,whenever,whileAfteryouhavehandedinyourreport,youcannotreviseit.ReasonorCauseas,because,sinceBecauseyouhavehandedinyourreport,youcannotreviseit.PurposeorResultinorderthat,sothat,thatIwanttoreadyourreportsothatIcanevaluateit.Conditionifeven,if,providedthat,unlessUnlessyouhavehandedinyourreport,youcanreviseit.Contrastalthough,eventhough,though,whereas