学术英语 综合 Unit 1

.,学术英语综合,AcademicEnglishAnIntegratedCourse,.,WhatisEAP?,EnglishforAcademicPurposes/EAP,内容：教材分为学术英语综合、人文、理工、社科等。我们的课程分为读学科主题文章、听专业相关讲座、练学术口语、写学科专业论文以及做学科相关研究等环节。,目标：训练对信息的获取、分析、整合、利用能力；提高学生撰写学期论文及学术论文的技能；帮助学生过度到专业双语课程及全英课程学习；全面培养学生的学业能力、思辨创新能力和解决实际问题的学术研究能力。,.,.,Unit1Economics,UnitContents,Unitobjectives,TextA,TextB,TextC,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Listening,Speaking,Writing,.,Unit1Economics,UnitObjectives,1.ProfessionalKnowledgeGetacquaintedwithsomeimportanteconomicconcepts(e.g.theinvisiblehand,signalingtheory,antitrustlaw,comparativeadvantage,etc.)2.ReadingSummarizethemainideasofatextandidentifyessentialsupportingpointsUnderstanddifficultsentences(e.g.,sentenceswithabstractmeaningorambiguousreference)Analyzecomplexorcontroversialissuescritically(e.g.monopoly,ernmentregulation,etc.),.,Unit1Economics,UnitObjectives,3.ListeningMakepredictionsaboutthecontentofalecture4.SpeakingAskforinformationandclarificationinapoliteandeffectivewayLearntodointerviewsandreportthefindingsinanoralpresentation5.WritingUnderstandwhatkindoftopicissuitableandmanageableforatermpaper,.,Unit1Economics,UnitObjectives,6.ResearchingIndependentlylocateandstudyavarietyofresources(articles,books,videos,etc.)toknowmoreabouttheMicrosoftcase7.AcademiclanguageanddiscourseKnowwhatisspecializedvocabularyandacquiresomespecializedvocabularyofeconomicsUnderstandthefunctionsofparentheticalstatementsComprehendstylisticdifferencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglishandacquiresomeformalexpressions,.,Unit1Economics,TextALead-in,HowdoyoucelebrateSpringFestival?Writedownyouractivitiesinthetableinthetextbookandanalyzewhoseskillandlaborarerequiredtomaketheseactivitiespossible.Shareyouranswerswithyourpartneranddiscussthefollowingquestions:Whatsthepowerthatleadspeopletoworkandcooperate?Whatdoyouunderstandabouteconomiclifefromthetable?,.,Unit1Economics,CulturalPoints,1.Contributeasmuchaspossiblewhatyouknowaboutthefollowing:ThanksgivingAdamSmiththeinvisiblehand,.,Unit1Economics,TextASupplementaryinformation,1.ThanksgivingItisanannualnationalholidayintheU.S.andCanada.AmericanscelebrateThanksgivingonthefourthThursdayofNovember,honoringtheearlyPlymouthsettlersandtheirharvestfeast.TheycommonlytracetheThanksgivingholidaytoa1621celebrationatthePlymouthPlantation,wherethePlymouthsettlersheldaharvestfeastafterasuccessfulseason.Althoughprayersandthankswereprobablyofferedatthe1621harvestgathering,thefirstrecordedreligiousThanksgivinginPlymouthhappenedtwoyearslaterin1623.Onthisoccasion,thecolonistsgavethankstoGodforrainafteranearlycatastrophicdrought.,.,Unit1Economics,TextASupplementaryinformation,2.TheinvisiblehandTheinvisiblehandisametaphorusedbyAdamSmithtodescribethenaturalforcethatguidesfreemarketcapitalismthroughcompetitionforscarceresources.Thegeneralideaisthatindividualspursuingself-interestendupdoingwhatisbestforsocietyasifguidedbyaninvisiblehand.Forexample,whenthepriceofsomethingincreasesduetohigherdemandorlowersupply,morepeoplewillstartproducingit.Thisisdoneoutofself-interest,butitalsobenefitssociety.Asawholeitwillmakethegoodsavailabletomorepeopleaswellasloweringthepriceagain.,.,Unit1Economics,AdamSmith(16June172317July1790)wasaScottishmoralphilosopher,pioneerofpoliticaleconomy,andkeyScottishEnlightenmentfigure.Smithisbestknownfortwoclassicworks:TheTheoryofMoralSentiments(1759),andAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(1776).Thelatter,usuallyabbreviatedasTheWealthofNations,isconsideredthefirstmodernworkofeconomics.Smithiscitedasthefatherofmoderneconomicsandisstillamongthemostinfluentialthinkersinthefieldofeconomicstoday.,.,Unit1Economics,TextAOverview,1.SummarizethemainideasofTextA.2.DoTask1/Criticalreadingandthinking.,UsethelaborandskillsbehindtheThanksgivingweekendasexamplestoillustratetheconceptof“theinvisiblehand”,Echothebeginning,emphasizingweshouldbegratefultothemiracleonthisThanksgivingDayandeveryday,.,Givingthanksfortheinvisiblehand,1.GRATITUDETOTHEALMIGHTYisthethemeofThanksgiving,andhasbeeneversincethePilgrimsofPlymouthbroughtintheirfirstgoodharvestToday,inmillionsofhomesacrossthenation,Godwillbethankedformanygiftsforthefeastonthetableandthecompanyoflovedones,forhealthandgoodfortuneintheyeargoneby,forpeaceathomeinatimeofwar,fortheincalculableprivilegeofhavingbeenbornorhavingbecomeAmerican.,.,2.Butitprobablywontoccurtotoomanyofustogivethanksforthefactthatthelocalsupermarkethadplentyofturkeyforsalethisweek.EventhedevoutarentlikelytothankGodforairlineschedulesthatmadeitpossibleforsomeofthoselovedonestoflyhomeforThanksgiving.OrforthearrivalofMasterandCommanderatthelocalmovietheaterintimefortheholidayweekend.Orforthatgreatcranberry-applepierecipeinthefoodsectionofthenewspaper.,.,3.Thosethingswetakemoreorlessforgranted.IthardlytakesamiracletoexplainwhygrocerystoresstockuponturkeybeforeThanksgiving,orwhyHollywoodreleasesbigmoviesintimeforbigholidays.Thatswhattheydo.WhereisGodinthat?4.Andyet,isnttheresomethingwondroussomethingalmostinexplicableinthewayyourThanksgivingweekendismadepossiblebytheskillandlaborofvastnumbersoftotalstrangers?,.,5.Tobringthatturkeytothediningroomtable,forexample,requiredtheeffortsofthousandsofpeoplethepoultryfarmerswhoraisedthebirds,ofcourse,butalsothefeeddistributorswhosuppliedtheirnourishmentandthetruckerswhobroughtittothefarm,nottomentionthearchitectwhodesignedthehatchery,theworkmenwhobuiltit,andthetechnicianswhokeepitrunning.Thebirdhadtobeslaughteredanddefeatheredandinspectedandtransportedandunloadedandwrappedandpricedanddisplayed.Thepeoplewhoaccomplishedthosetasksweresupportedinturnbyarmiesofotherpeopleaccomplishingothertasksfromrefiningthegasolinethatfueledthetruckstomanufacturingtheplasticinwhichthemeatwaspackaged.,.,6.Theactivitiesofcountlessfar-flungmenandwomenoverthecourseofmanymonthshadtobeintricatelychoreographedandpreciselytimed,sothatwhenyoushoweduptobuyafreshThanksgivingturkey,therewouldbeoneormorelikely,afewdozenwaiting.Thelevelofcoordinationthatwasrequiredtopullitoffismind-boggling.Butwhatisevenmoremind-bogglingisthis:Noonecoordinatedit.,.,7.Noturkeyczarsatinacommandpostsomewhere,consultingamasterplanandissuingorders.Noonerodeherdonallthosepeople,forcingthemtocooperateforyourbenefit.Andyettheydidcooperate.Whenyouarrivedatthesupermarket,yourturkeywasthere.Youdidnthavetodoanythingbutshowuptobuyit.Ifthatisntamiracle,whatshouldwecallit?,.,8.AdamSmithcalledittheinvisiblehandthemysteriouspowerthatleadsinnumerablepeople,eachworkingforhisowngain,topromoteendsthatbenefitmany.Outoftheseemingchaosofmillionsofuncoordinatedprivatetransactionsemergesthespontaneousorderofthemarket.Freehumanbeingsfreelyinteract,andtheresultisanarrayofgoodsandservicesmoreimmensethanthehumanmindcancomprehend.Nodictator,nobureaucracy,nosupercomputerplansitinadvance.Indeed,themoreaneconomyisplanned,themoreitisplaguedbyshortages,dislocation,andfailure.,.,9.Thesocialorderoffreedom,likethewealthandtheprogressitmakespossible,isanextraordinarygiftfromabove.OnthisThanksgivingDayandoneveryday,maywebegrateful.(JeffJacobyisacolumnistforTheBostonGlobe).,.,Unit1Economics,TextAIn-depthanalysis,2.FocusonsomeofthedifficultsentencesinTextAbydoingTask2/Criticalreadingandthinking.3.HaveagroupdiscussionaboutthequestionsinTask3/Criticalreadingandthinking,.,Unit1Economics,TextBTextAnalysis,Whatiscasestudy?,Acasestudyisadescriptiveorexplanatoryanalysisofaperson,grouporunit.Anexplanatorycasestudy(e.g.Case1/TextB)isusedtoexplorecausationinordertofindunderlyingprinciples.,.,Unit1Economics,TextBTextAnalysis,2.Howdoyouunderstandthetitle“Giftsassignals”?,Signalingtheoryisusefulfordescribingbehaviorwhentwopartieshaveaccesstodifferentinformation.Typically,thesignalsenderchooseswhetherandhowtocommunicatecertaininformation,whilethereceiverchooseshowtointerpretthesignal.Signalingtheorytacklesafundamentalproblemofcommunicationandappliesinvariousareas.,.,Unit1Economics,Backin1974,NobellaureateMichaelSpenceintroducedthenotionofsignalingineconomicthinking.Spencedevelopedthetheoryofsignalingtoshowhowbetter-informedindividualsinthemarketcommunicatetheirinformationtotheless-well-informedtoavoidtheproblemsassociatedwithadverseselection.,TextBTextAnalysis,.,Unit1Economics,3.Workingroupsof4-5todiscussthequestionsinTask1/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextB.,4.ReadCase2quicklyandtrytosummarizethemainideaofCase2onthebasisofTask2/CriticalReadingandThinking/TextB.,TextBTextAnalysis,.,Unit1Economics,TextBTextAnalysis,Internetbrowser,Windowsoperatingsystem,deter,enteringthemarketandofferingnewproducts,carstodayincludemanybuilt-inproducts,monopoly,reliable,easiertouse,80,severelylimited,changing,competitors,low,.,Unit1Economics,TextBResearching,FormintoteamstodothetaskinResearching/TextB.Withineachteam,thereare:facilitator:ThinkaboutthewholegroupandmanagethetaskMakesureeveryonefeelsincludedandhasajobtodobeforeandduringthediscussion.Presideovertheclassroomdiscussion.recorder:Makenotesofthegroupdiscussion.Workwiththereporter,whowillhavetoreadfromthenotes.reporter:Summarizeandpresenttheresultstotheclass.Speakonbehalfofthegroup.,.,Unit1Economics,TextBSupplementaryinformation,MicrosoftcaseUnitedStatesv.MicrosoftCorporationisanantitrustlawcase.Itwasinitiatedin1998bytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)and20states.Inthiscase,Microsoftwasaccusedofabusingmonopolypower,andthecentralissuewaswhetherMicrosoftwasallowedtobundleInternetExplorerwithitsoperatingsystem.MicrosoftclaimedthatMicrosoftWindowsandInternetExplorerwereinherentlylinkedtogetherandthemergingofthetwowastheresultofinnovation.ThecasewasultimatelysettledbyDOJ.,.,Unit1Economics,TextBSupplementaryinformation,MicrosoftcaseTheproposedsettlementrequiredMicrosofttoshareitsapplicationprogramminginterfaceswiththird-partycompaniesandappointapanelofthreepeoplewhowillhavefullaccesstoMicrosoftssystems,records,andsourcecodeforfiveyearsinordertoensurecompliance.20However,theDOJdidnotrequireMicrosofttochangeanyofitscodenorpreventMicrosoftfromtyingothersoftwarewithWindowsinthefuture.,.,Unit1Economics,Contributewhatyouknowaboutthefollowingtermsandthengiveexamplesasmanyaspossible.,ComparativeadvantageFreetrade,TextCTextAnalysis,.,Unit1Economics,TextCSupplementaryinformation,DavidRicardoDavidRicardo(1772-1823)isanEnglisheconomistwhogavesystematized,classicalformtotherisingscienceofeconomicsinthe19thcentury.Atage27,afterreadingAdamSmithsTheWealthofNations,Ricardogotveryinterestedineconomics.Hewrotehisfirsteconomicsarticleat37andthenspenttherestofhislifeasaprofessionaleconomist.InoneofhismostfamousbooksOnthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,Ricardoclearlyillustratesthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage.,.,Unit1Economics,TextCSupplementaryinformation,AninquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(国富论)AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations，usuallyabbreviatedasTheWealthofNations,isAdamSmithsmasterpiece.Itwasfirstpublishedin1776,andiswidelyconsideredtobethefirstmodernworkineconomics.ThroughreflectionovertheeconomicsatthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionthebooktouchesuponbroadtopicsasthedivisionoflabour,productivityandfreemarket.,.,Unit1Economics,TextCSupplementaryinformation,ComparativeadvantageComparativeadvantageisaneconomictheoryfirstdevelopedbyEnglisheconomistDavidRicardo.Apersonhasacomparativeadvantageatproducingsomethingifhecanproduceitatlowercostthananyoneelse.Andhavingacomparativeadvantageisnotthesameasbeingthebestatsomething.Itcanexplainwhyacountrymightproduceandexportthingsthatitdoesntseemgoodatproducingwhencompareddirectlytoanothercountry.,.,Unit1Economics,2.DothetranslationtaskinTextC.,每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家里生产。裁缝不会去做自己的鞋子，而向鞋匠购买；鞋匠不会去做自己的衣服，而雇裁缝来做；农民不会去做鞋也不想缝衣，宁愿雇用不同的工匠来做。他们都会为了自身的利益而采取某种方式来利用整个产业，在这种方式里，他们会比邻居更有优势，并用自己生产的一部分产品或者相同的东西，即以一部分产品的价格来购买他们所需要的其它任何物品。,TextCTextAnalysis,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,1.Whatisspecializedvocabulary.?2.DoTask1Specializedvocabulary/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.,SpecializedVocabulary,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,3.Additionalclassroomactivity:Translatethefollowingeconomicterms,whichappearinTextsBandC,fromChineseintoEnglish.信号传递理论市场支配力商品反垄断法垄断相对优势股票经纪人税收（制度）,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Supplementaryinformation,EffectsofparentheticalstatementsAtraditionalparentheticalstatementisathoughtenclosedinparentheses.Bracketsanddashesmayalsobeused.AccordingtoHandbookofEffectiveWriting(byWalterK.Smart),theinformationinaparentheticalstatementisnotcrucialtothesentence,butisrelatedtothemainstatement.Thefollowingarepossiblefunctionsofaparentheticalstatement:,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Supplementaryinformation,Itallowsawritertoinsertextrainformationwithoutcreatinganewsentence.Theextrainformationmaybetooshorttorequireafullsentence.Orifafullsentenceiscreatedfortheextrainformation,itmaycauseadeparturefromthetheme.Aparentheticalstatementmarkedbydashcaninfactstandout.Inotherwords,theobviousseparationservestoemphasizetheinterrupter.Aparentheticalstatementinterruptsthenormalflowofasentence,thuscreatingavarietyinsentencerhythm.Aparentheticalstatementslowsdownthedevelopmentofasentence.Thismighthelptocreateasenseofsuspension.Whenusingparentheticalstatements,pleasepayattentiontothefollowingpoints:,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Supplementaryinformation,Ifyoursentenceendswithparentheticalmaterial,placetheperiodoutsideoftheparenthesis.Forexample,Theycanbetakenfrommyth,fromhistory,orfromcontemporaryoccurrence,ortheycanbepureinvention(buteveniftheyareinvented,theyarenonethelessconstructedfromtheconstantmaterialsofrealexperience,nomatterhowfantastictheinvention).Ifyouhaveaparentheticalstatementindependentofasentence,capitalizethefirstwordandplacetheperiodwithintheparentheses.Forexample,Hergownwascoveredwithjewels.(Thosejewelsmusthavecostafortune.)Keepinmindthattherestofthesentenceshouldstillflownaturally.,.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Signpostlanguage,3.AdditionalClassroomActivity:FindparentheticalstatementsinTextB.,Butyourreactionisverydifferentwhensomeonewho(youhope)lovesyoudoesthesamething.(Para.3)Itiscostly(ittakestime),anditscostdependsontheprivateinformation(howmuchhelovesher).(Para.4)Certainly,thecasedidnotlackdrama.Itpittedoneoftheworldsrichestmen(BillGates)againstoneoftheworldsmostpowerfulregulatoryagencies(theU.S.JusticeDepartment).Testifyingforthegovernmentwasaprominenteconomist(MITprofessorFranklinFisher).TestifyingforMicrosoftwasanequallyprominenteconomist(MITprofessorRichardSchmalensee).Atstakewasthefutureofoneoftheworldsmostvaluablecompanies(Microsoft)inoneoftheeconomysfastestgrowingindustries(computersoftware).(Para.6),.,Unit1Economics,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Signpostlanguage,ThegovernmentclaimedthatMicrosoftwasbundlingthesetwoproductstogethertoexpandthemarketpowerithadinthemarketforcomputeroperatingsystemsintoanunrelatedmarket(forInternetbrowsers).(Para.7)ItalsoarguedthatthelowpriceitchargedforWindowsabout$50,oronly3%ofthepriceofatypicalcomputerwasevidencethatitsmar