句子成分和五种句子类型(全).ppt

Goodmorning,everyone!,句子成分和简单句的基本句型,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！,Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。按句子结构，句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语），句子成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单句最基本的类型有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种句型变化而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,句子包括哪些成分？,句子成分的构成,句子的主要成分：,主语、谓语、宾语、表语,句子的次要成分：,定语、状语、补足语（同位语、插入语),1.主语(subject),1.主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体.2.一般在句首。3.一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语(不定式，动名词或从句)充当。1.WestudyinLianPingMiddleSchool.2.Ourclassroomisveryclean.3.ToteachyouEnglishismyjob.4.Surfing,divingandswimmingareallwatersports.5.Fourplusfouriseight.6.Whatyousaidmademesad.7.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.8.Itmademeexcitedthatdadboughtmeacomputer.,代词,名词,不定式,动名词,数词,从句,the+adj.,it作形式主语,2.谓语(verb),1.表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。2.必须由动词充当。3.一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。(1)简单谓语：是由动词或动词词组组成的。Shealwaysstudieshard.Heoftenlistenstomusic.(2)复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成.HecanspeakEnglish.Wehavefinishedreadingthebook.Ididseeheryesterday.,3.表语(predicative),1.说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。2.位于在系动词后面。3.充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。1.Youlookyoungerthanbefore.2.Iamateacher.3.Jimisout.4.Nowtheyareathome.5.Imnotquitemyselftoday.6.Hegotlostintheforest.7.Hishobbyisswimming.8.MyjobistoteachyouEnglish.9.ThebookiswhatIneed.,形容词,名词,副词,介词短语,反身代词,过去分词,动名词,不定式,从句,4.宾语(object),1.一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。2.用在及物动词或介词后面.Sheisplayingthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.Helikestosleepintheopenair.Heisaddictedtosmoking.WeenjoylivinginChina.3.宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。Pleasepassmethebook.=Pleasepassthebooktome.Heboughthersomeflowers.=Heboughtsomeflowersforher.,Ihadbreadandmilkforbreakfastthismorning.Wheredidyoubuythat?(名词）Ineedtwentyworks.（数词）Healwaysdoestheunexpected.（名词化的形容词Remembertotellhimtocometothelecture.（不定式Ienjoyreadingforeignstories,especiallyAmericanones.（V-ing形式）Weallbelievethatyouaresuitableforthiswork.（从句,5.宾语补足语(objectcomplement),放在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。Imademyroombeautiful.Icanseeherdancingthere.Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendhermybike.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Pleasekeepthedogout.WecallherMissZhang.,形容词,现在分词,过去分词,不定式,介词短语,副词,名词,6.主语补足语(subjectcomplement),对主语进行补充说明。把下列句子改为被动语态:1.WesawTomdancinginhisroom.Tomwasseendancinginhisroom.2.TheyelectedJimmonitoroftheirclass.Jimwaselectedmonitoroftheirclass.3.Wewillmakeourcountrystrong.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.,定语(attribute),用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用.1.Youareacleverboy.2.Iwanttotellyousomethingimportant.3.Hisfatherworksinashoefactory.4.Thereare66studentsinourclass.5.Doyouknowbettyssister?6.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.7.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.8.Wehavenothingtodo.9.HisspokenEnglishisgood.10.Thegirlinredishissister.11.Doyouknowthemanwhostandsthere?,形容词,物主代词,数词,名词所有格,现在分词,过去分词,介词短语,形容词,现在分词短语,从句,不定式,名词,状语(adverbial),1.修饰动词，形容词或副词,起类似于副词的作用。2.一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。1.Hediditcarefully.2.Sheisveryenthusiasticaboutit.3.Heworksextremelyhard.4.Hecomestoseeuseveryday.5.Heisatthelibrarylookingupsomeinformation.6.Illbebackinawhile.7.Withouthishelp,wecouldntworkitout.8.Hewaslatebecauseoftheheavyrain.9.Pleasecallmeupifitisnecessary.10.Shewasbeautifulwhenshewasagirl.,同位语apposition,对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。1.Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.2.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.3.Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.4.Thenewsthatheisillworriesus.,名词,反身代词,数词,从句,插入语(parentheses),对一句话进行附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。1.Generallyspeaking,themorehard-workingyouare,themorelikelyyouwillsucceed.2.Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.Unfortunately，neitherofthemcouldswim.3.Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidntreachtherequiredstandard，inotherwords,youfailed.4.Itissonicetohearfromher.Believeitornot，welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.5.Strangetosay,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.,Choosetherightanswer,Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery，_ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis,A,分析下列句子成分,1.Everyonelaughed.2.Thebookspleasedthegirl.3.Iamastonished.4.Iheardhimshouting.5.Heboughthissonsomebooks.6.TheyounggirlwithlongblackhairisKate.7.Stephenapologizedatonce.8.Ihavenoideawhentheywillgo.9.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthestation.,IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthestation.,主语,谓语,定语,宾语,同位语,状语,宾语补足语,有哪几种常见的句型结构？,基本句型一：（主系表）（是系动词）1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinnersmellsgood.午餐的气味很好。3.Hefellinlove.他堕入了情网。4.Everythinglooksdifferent.一切看来都不同了。5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwellhasgonedry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisfaceturnedred.他的脸红了。,基本句型二：（主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,（不及物动词）1.Thesunwasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Theuniverseremains.宇宙长存。3.Weallbreathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Whocares?管它呢？5.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.Thepenwritessmoothly这支笔书写流利。,巩固练习：,6这个重五公斤。7五年前我住在北京。8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。,6.Thisboxweighsfivekilos.,7.IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.,8.Inautumn,somebirdsflytothesouth.,9.Mygrandfathergetsupearlyinthemorning.,10.Everyafternoonalotofstudentscometothelibrarytoborrowbooks.,巩固练习：,1昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。,Iwrotealetterlastnight.,Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.,Hehasreadthisbookmanytimes.,Theyhavecarriedouttheplansuccessfully.,Thatgentlemancanspeakthreelanguagesfluently.,巩固练习：,6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗？,IreceivedaletterfrommypenfriendinAustralia.,Jimcannotdresshimself.,AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.,Hedidnotknowwhattosay.,Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?,基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.Hedenieshernothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.他教我开机器。,但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,巩固练习：1Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。,MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.,Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.,Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?,Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.,巩固练习：5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,ShallIcallyouataxi?,Thenewmachinewillsaveyoualotoflabour.,7.Heboughtanewcoatforhismotherwithhisfirstmonthssalary.,说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.,基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词Thewar|made|him|asoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethods|make|thejob|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|oftenfind|him|atwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacher|ask|thestudents|toclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|acat|runningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.,巩固练习：1我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,WecallherAlice.,Allofusconsideredhimhonest.,Theyhavesetthethieffree.,Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.,Theguardsorderedustoleaveatonce.,EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.,Hehashishaircuteverymonth.,Wewontlethergooutatnight.,9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了10她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。12他感到很难跟你交谈。13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。,Theterriblesoundmadethechildrenfrightened.,Sheislisteningtosomeonetellingstories.,Ihaveneverseenthewordusedthatwaybefore.,Hefeltitverydifficulttotalkwithyou.,Iconsideritpossibletoworkouttheprobleminanotherway.,Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.,英语基本句型6Therebe句型说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.,Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有thereis/are过去有therewas/were将来有therewillbe；thereis/aregoingtobe.现在已经有therehas/havebeen可能有theremightbe.肯定有theremustbe/theremusthavebeen.过去曾经有thereusedtobe似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe,巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3天气预报说下午有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前这儿一直有家电影院的.,Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.,AmongthegueststhereweretwoAmericansandtwoFrenchmen.,Theweathermansaystherellbeastrongwindintheafternoon.,Thelightison.Theremustbesomeoneintheoffice.,Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar.,巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。8公共汽车来了。9就只剩下二十八美元了。10铃响了。,Therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.,Once,therelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.,Therecomesthebus.,Thereremainedonlytwentyeightdollars.,Theregoesthebell.,简单句的五种句型,1）SV主语谓语,eg.Hisfathermighthavedied.,2)SVP主语谓语表语,eg.Theplansoundsperfect.,3)SVO主语谓语宾语,eg.Mysisterenjoyedtheplay.,4）SVOiOd主语谓语+间接宾语直接宾语,eg.Myfatherboughtmeabicycle.,5)SVOC主语谓语宾语补语,eg.Theycalledhimafool.,Translatethefollowingsentences.,1.在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了