文献阅读与翻译

.,科技文献阅读与翻译,ScientificLiteratureReading2)theunitassignments3)thefinalexaminationofreadingcomprehensionandtranslationpractice.,.,Recommended/OptionalTextbooks,1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000.2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译)，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.,.,UnitIGeneralDescriptionofLiteratureReadingandTranslation,TopicalHighlightsDefinitionofLiteratureClassificationofLiteratureLinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureTranslationSkills-ontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliteratureSpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentation,.,DefinitionofLiterature,Asetofworksonaparticularsubject;printedmaterial,esp.givinginformation;thebodyofwritingsonaparticularsubject(scientificliterature),.,ClassificationofLiterature,TextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecialDocumentation,.,LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiterature,StylisticallyGrammaticallyMorphologicallyNon-verbal,.,TranslationSkills-ontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliterature,1.NatureandScopeofTranslationWhatistranslation?Translationistheinterpretationofthemeaningofatextinonelanguage(the“sourcetext”)andtheproduction,inanotherlanguage,ofanequivalenttext(the“targettext”,or“translation”)thatcommunicatesthesamemessage.,.,EugeneA.Nida(1914-)尤金奈达,Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguage(接受语，译语）theclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage（原语、源语）,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.Dynamic-EquivalenceTheorybaptismofrepentance,repentandbebaptized,.,AlexanderFraserTytler,Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的原则EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation(1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则。,.,2.PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation,严复：信、达、雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.不爱红妆爱武装facethepowderandnottopowdertheface.,.,3.LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation,LiteralTranslation:phonetic,morphological,syntactic武装到牙齿armedtotheteeth象牙塔”ivorytower趁热打铁strikewhiletheironishot血浓于水Bloodisthickerthanwater鳄鱼的眼泪crocodilestears,.,芳芳、白象Fangfangwhiteelephant,.,FreeTranslationastimidasahare胆小如鼠wetlikeadrownrat湿如落汤鸡asstupidasagoose蠢得像猪asstubbornasamule犟得像牛talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛饮,.,AdamsappleAtsixesandsevensItrainscatsanddogs.Dontcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?,.,“literal”doesntmean“word-for-word”,街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Womeninthestreetshouldbecalledontodosomecleaning.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.句子比较：Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿,.,“free”doesntmean“casual”,Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.Spring,thesweetspringistheyearspleasantking.T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若,.,LiteralTranslationorFreeTranslation?,Donttakethelow-fatlabelasalicensetoeat.不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。,.,Whatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingliteralandfreetranslation?,.,4.TranslationTechniques,Diction(选词用字）Amplification（增益）Omission（省略）Repetition（重复）Conversion（转换）Rearrangement（词序调整）Negation（正说反译、反说正译）Division（长句拆译）,.,SpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentation,Treatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscriminatingly.StandardsStrictwording,stylisticformalityPatentdocumentsStereotypedexpression,formalpatterns,.,TrademarksNovelty,uniquenessCopyrightworksRigidgrammarLegaldocuments,contract,agreementsStrictgrammar,syntax,.,Proposals,reportsThematter-of-factattitudeGeneralknowledgeandknowledgeofthesubjectmatter,.,Practice,.,Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheother.,.,Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart,holdahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickleafunnybone,dryaneye,surpriseachild,caressasweetheart,toastabride,welcomeastranger,waveagoodbye,shoutabravo,blowakiss,mendaquarrel,easeapain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.,.,Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andcrystallizationofhumancivilization.,.,Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace.,.,Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andcrystallizationofhumancivilization.,.,.,Unit2Standards,.,Linguisticfeaturesof“standard”,1)FormattedStructure2)FormalWording3)LegalTerm“shall”4)FrequentUseofAbbreviations5)MixedwithDrawingsandTables,.,Standard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.,.,ReflectionsandPractice,1.Topicsforgroupdiscussion1)Whatdoesthepassagetellusabout?2)Whatisthedefactostandardsetting?2.Fillineachspacewithoneproperword.,.,Standard,inrelationcomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasaofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedinoftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomeswidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocesswhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.,.,TranslationSkills,Diction用字遣词maritalstatus;immigrationstatus;cognitivestatus;socialstatusTensionisbuildingup.形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强,.,SomeTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord,1)DeductionStopoutn.(U.S.)Astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod.辍学学生ChallengeToquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)对表示怀疑，质疑；对提出异议,.,2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3)ExtensionBottleneckItismorethantransienteverydayness.远非一时的柴米油盐问题。日常状态-柴米油盐,.,4）SubstitutionTokillsb.asanexample杀一儆百5）ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态Athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会,.,6)CombinationSosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精细的观察者AgrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7）PictographicTranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带,.,8）TransliterationWallStreetPentiumClone,.,TranslatethePassage,Standard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。,.,Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.,从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。,.,ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.,这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。,.,Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.,随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，包括ASCII字符集，RS-232-C标准、SCSI接口，以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN语言之类的ANSI-标准编程语言。,.,Unit3Patents,.,.,Questions,1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?2.Whyshouldpatentedarticlesbemarkedwithpatentnumber?3.Whatdoes“patentpending”mean?4.Whatcanbefoundinanissuedpatent?,.,TranslationSkill:Amplification,=additionAmatterofprinciple:Add/subtractmeaning,.,1.Supplyingomittedwordstoconveytheoriginalmeaning,（1）Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（2）Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。,.,2.Supplyingnecessaryconnectives,（1）Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受热，就会气化。（2）Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。,.,3.Supplyingwordstoconveytheconceptofpluralnouns,（1）Notethatthewords“velocity”and“speed”requireexplanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。（2）Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。,.,4.Supplyingwordstomakeanabstractconceptclear,(1)Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（2）Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。,.,5.Dictatedbylogic,(1)Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）Thisshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross-sectionarea.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。,.,6.Supplyingwordsofgeneralization,(1)Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）Theprincipalfunctionsthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation,anddetection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。,.,7.Forpurposesofrhetoricorcoherence,(1)Thiscomputerisindeedcheapandfine.这台电脑真是价廉物美。（2）Heatfromthesunstirsuptheatmosphere,generatingwinds.太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。,.,8.Repetition,(1)Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dustorhumidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。（2）Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。,.,AmplificationusedinChinese-EnglishTranslation,1.Addingnecessaryconnectives虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.2.Addingnecessarypronouns交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.,.,3.AddingnecessarybackgroundinformationtomaketheEnglishversionclear三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.,.,Translationpractice,.,1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingthetechniqueofamplification,Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;mathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。,.,2.PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese,Ourpresentinventionrelatestoacircuitarrangementforcompensatingtemperature-dependentfrequencyvariationsofanoscillatorofthecrystal-controlledtypewhichgeneratesacarrierforthetranslationofmessagesbyfrequencymodulation.本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息的。,.,3.PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish,美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发布的。1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿、陆军部长和司法总长。InAmerica,thefirstpatentsforinventionswereissuedin1642bythecolonialgovernments.ThefirstU.S.patentlawswereenactedbyCongressin1790undertheauthorityofArticle1,Section8,oftheConstitution.ThePatentActof1790wasadministeredbyacommissioncomposedofthesecretaryofstate,thesecretaryofwar,andtheattorneygeneraloftheU.S.,.,.,Unit4Trademarks,.,Trademarksoriginatedfromtherulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsaleunderthepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation.Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread.Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeencounterfeitedandsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals,suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL(ouis)V(uitton).Thelawrecognizestrademarksaspropertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark.Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightinthatitpreventsitsuseforanotherpersonsorcompanysgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty.Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark.Mostcountries,however,demandinadditiontoitsusethatitberegisteredwiththepropergovernmentagency.Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration.Incountrieswhereanunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse,therightcontinuessolongasusehasnotbeenabandoned.Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitistransformedorwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm.Thishashappenedwithsuchwell-knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin,cellophane,dryice,shreddedwheat,thermos,andothers.,.,Questions,1.Whatarethemainpointsofthispassage?2.Whyatrademarkisneeded?3.Inwhatcases,thetrademarkrightislost?,.,Trademarksoriginated_therulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsale_thepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation.Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread.Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeen_andsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals,suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL(ouis)V(uitton).Thelawrecognizestrademarks_propertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark.Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightin_itpreventsitsuseforanotherpersonsorcompanysgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty.Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark.Mostcountries,however,demandinaddition_itsusethatit_registeredwiththepropergovernmentagency.Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration.Incountries_anunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse,therightcontinuessolong_usehasnotbeenabandoned.Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitis_orwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm.Thishashappenedwithsuchwell-knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin,cellophane,dryice,shreddedwheat,thermos,andothers.,.,TranslationSkill:Omission,1.OmissionofthePronounHeputhishandsintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.他将双手放进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。,.,2.OmissionoftheArticleAnysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid,aliquid,oragas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。,.,3.OmissionofthePrepositionThedifferencebetweenthetwomachinesconsistsinpower.这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。,.,4.OmissionoftheConjunctionIfIhadknowntherisk,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知危险，我就不参加了。Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,.,5.OmissionoftheVerbWhenthepressuregetslow,theboiling-pointbecomeslow.气压低，沸点就低。,.,6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”Thisformulamakesiteasytodeterminethewavelengthofsounds.这一公式简化了声音波长的测定。,.,C-ETranslation,质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电也不带负电。Aprotonhaspositivechargeandanelectronanegativecharge,butaneutronhasneither.她的朋友听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。Afterherfriendsheardaboutherfamilydifficulties,theyofferedheranhelpinghand.,.,花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.,.,TranslationPractice,1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingthetechniqueofomission.(1)Thetruejoyofjoysisthejoythatjoysinthejoyofothers.与人同乐，才是真乐。,.,(2)Thesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories,encompassalargepopulationandaboundinnaturalresources.这些发展中国家土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。这些发展中国家地大物博，人口众多。,.,(3)TheKODAKFichereader321Aiseasytooperate,versatile,compactandhasapleasingmoderndesign.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。,.,(4)Scientificexploration,thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman.人类对科学的探索，对知识的寻求，其结果是使自己具有了躲避天灾人祸的能力。,.,(5)Therewasnohasteorrestlessnessinhismannerbutapoisedfriendliness.他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。（他举止不慌不忙，十分友好。）,.,2.PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese,Anyonewhousesamarksosimilartoaregisteredtrademarkthatitislikelytocausecustomerconfusionisaninfringerandcanbesuedinastateorfederalcourt.Indecidingwhetherthereisinfringement,thecourtcomparestheconflicti