高考英语吴军超级阅读理解教案

2013高考英语吴军超级阅读理解教案紧抓主题句，快速理解全文无论是读书，还是看报纸，我们首先见到的就是一篇文章的标题。然而，在高考中，英语阅读理解文章往往没有标题。可以从研究文章的主题句入手，根据主题句快速识别文体，从而抓住文章的中心，推测出全文的内容。英语文章一般是按“总分总”这样一种思路来写的，也就是说，文章的第1 句或第 2 句 多半为“总写”，为文章的主题句(topic sentence)，后面的文字就围绕它展开论述；而最后一句(尾句)或倒数第 2 句，就是在论述的基础上进行总结，得出结论或发出感慨。同样，往往每一段的第 1 句 又为这一段的主题句；末尾的句子又为这一段的结论。因此，在一定程度上考生可以从首尾句入手，推测全文的内容，从而迅速理解全文。当然，有些文章的主题句并不在句子的首、尾，而在文章的中间；有的文章甚至没有主题句，这就要求考生灵活处理。 快速浏览全文，抓住事实和细节事实是作者的思想和观点的有力证据，是作者所写文章的重要依据。细节是使文章连成整体的主要手段，是使文章充满活力的重要方式。换句话说，事实和细节是文章的血和肉。不论事件多么惊人，也不论观点如何新奇，若没有事实和细节，这篇文章就显得空洞无力。高考中，很多问题就是考查考生对事实和细节的把握，因此，在了解了文体特点和通过文章首尾句掌握了文章的中心和主要内容的基础上，必须快速浏览全文，抓住文中的事实和细节。并且在浏览的过程中，应根据短文后面的问题和选项，将与之有关的事实和细节用笔一一画出，且标明其题的序号，以便研究答题。 抓住相关词语，快速弄清作者的思想相关词语分为两大类：其一是关键词，即名词、动词、数词和形容词等实词，根据这些词语就能够看出句子或文章的主要内容；其二是信息词，即情态动词(may, must, can, have)，副词(yet, however, therefore, otherwise，carefully, seriously 等)、连词(but, while, though, if 等)等虚词和短语(as if / though, on the contrary, by contrast, even if / though, in spite of 等)，根据这些词语就能够推断出文章中人物的精神状态或作者的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度及文章的逻辑关系。 研究重点，突破难点在阅读过程中，碰到一些难以理解的问题，是非常正常的事情。高考中的阅读毕竟是一种信息性的阅读，只要能提取正确的信息就足够了，因此对于那些不影响阅读的问题，就不必理会。在阅读过程中，碰到一些难以理解的问题，是非常正常的事情。这时，不必惊慌，而应冷。只有当它们影响了对句子或文章的理解、特别是当它们影响问题的解决时，我们才在通读全文的基础上，对这些难点进行研究，加以分析、解决。阅读中的难点主要可以分为 3 类：生词、长而复杂句子、英美文化障碍。 (1) 猜测生词词义：阅读中碰到生词时，首先应根据句子的意思判断出此单词的词性及其感情色彩和其在句子中所充当的成分；然后根据我们平常所学的构词法知识，联系上下文和平时积累的常识，来推测这个单词的意义。并且猜测单词时，没有必要猜测出其准确的意义，只要能猜出其大概意义即可。 根据构词法猜测词义：我们所学过的构词法主要有 3 种：派生法、转化法和合成法。Most seaweed is red and brown in color. (seaweed由sea与weed合成，意为“海草”)Invariably the background was the same. (invariably由in + vary + able + ly 构成，意为“不可改变地”)Youll be punished if you desert rubbish everywhere. (desert 由名词 desert 转化而成，意为“丢弃”) 根据上下文的语境猜测词义：我们可利用定义、解释、重述、用途、同义词、反义词、同义结构、反义结构及逻辑关系来猜测单词。Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds. (由 devour 与后面动词 kill的并列结构得知 devour 意为“毁坏”)Wood and skins have easily rotted away, but stone doesnt decay. (根据 but 的反义结构可知 decay 意为“腐烂”) 根据常识猜测词义：我们可根据所学的知识及生活经验来猜测单词。根据常识猜测词义：His name was Napoleon Bonaparte, and he finally became Emperor of France. (由常识“拿破仑是法国的皇帝”可知 Emperor 意为“皇帝”)Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport. (由句子的意义可看出alpinist 意为“把登山作为体育运动的人”)(2) 分析理解长而难的句子：英语文章中，有时为了使表达准确、语言严谨，往往采用插入语、分隔结构、倒装结构、同位结构、省略结构、分词结构及 it 的句型再加上并列复合句、主从复合句，使句子很长而结构纷繁复杂，给阅读理解带来了很大的困难。然而，考生们不要慌张，对于这类句子应从句子的层次入手，先抓主句的主干，即：主、谓、宾、补、状，再理清其枝叶，即从句及其他修饰成分。It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and sit have been continuously deposited(沉积), that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.这个句子是由 and 连接两个强调句型的并列句。第 1 个并列句子的主句为：It is animals and plants that lived in or near water，它的后面带了一个原因状语从句：for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial，而句子中whose所引导的句子是一个定语从句，隔位修饰前面的animals and plants 而不是 water； 第 2 个并列句子的主句为：it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved，而 where 所引导的句子为定语从句，对前面的the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes 进行修饰。通过上面的分析，这个长而复杂的句子也就不难理解：那些它们的尸体很可能被保存起来的动物和植物正是生活在水边或水里，因为，被保存的一个必要条件就是被迅速掩埋；也只有在海里或河里，有时在湖里，这些地方由于泥沙不停地沉积，尸体及此类东西才很快被掩埋，从而得到保存。(3) 消除英美文化障碍：虽然，对英美文化的了解是一个长时间的积累过程，但是，对于具体的文化障碍，我们可以从上下文的语境中去理解，或通过中西方文化的比较或用生活的常识加以分析理解。如：These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. (大家知道，自行车轮胎若粘满了泥沙，车就不能前进，那么，put sand in the wheels of trade 就意味着“阻碍贸易的进行”) 综合分析，确保无误在做完阅读理解题后，在时间允许的情况下，一定要再次通读全文，对文章的中心、主旨及事实细节、写作方法等进行综合分析。同时，根据文章的内容、作者的观点、态度、写作目的及文章中的举例、细节对问题和答案进行细心的核对，检查选项是否过于笼统、以偏概全或部分真实，从而消除理解上的失误，确保答案的正确。解题技巧：就近原则寻找信息线索；选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系；选项中出现代词时，往往该选项不能放在首句，要注意指代成立的条件。绝对选项常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心；警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案；选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项；总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选先做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文；放在段尾的名字有时也会有提示词：因果连词；总结性连词；转折性连词具体策略：注意支干词数最多的选项。一般说来，支干项越长，词数越多，所包含的信息就越多越全面，当然正确性就越大。对付论述性的文章或科技知识的理解，运用此法特别有效。 暂缓考虑含有all，every，whole，completely，certainly，surely等词的选项，因为这些词语表达的意思太绝对，常常有悖于逻辑。 重视含有perhaps，maybe，almost，possibly，probably等词的选项，因为这些词语使表达比较婉转，逻辑上成立，符合常理，因而正确率高。 留心“Both A and C”，“All above”或“None”此类的选项，答案的可能性较大，因为它们包含的信息较多。 关注：“We dont know.”、“It is not talked about in the passage.”或“We are not sure about this.”这样的选项，因为此类选项的表述十分巧妙，让你忙乎了半天找不到答案，最后再以这样的表述跟你开个玩笑，使你难以置信，不敢下手，实际上很可能它就是正确答案。 含something，certain，somebody等不定代词变化的是解change，delay，improve，postpone，increase重要的、根本的、基础的是解 important，real base，be based on，on the basis of简单的、具体的不是解，复杂的、概括的、抽象的经常是解；照抄原文的不是解，同义替换的经常是解；合理项经常不是解，不合理项经常是解。字面意义的不是解，深刻含义的可能是解。含义相互矛盾的经常是解，绝对的一般不是解(如must，always，never，the most all，only，any，none，entirely)。含义肯定的一般不是解，含义不肯定的经常是解。不肯定的词：can，could，may，usually，might，most，more or less，nearly，not enough，suggest，partial一、定位1、题干选项：数字、年代 大写字母 生僻且复杂的词（专业词汇） 中心概念（相关、相近），一般前三种情况出现的较多。2、顺序原则：即出题顺序与文章段落一般情况下是一直的，但也有例外。二、题型1、词汇题问法：The word/phrase “.”（line paragraph ）most probably was 单词：A超纲词，考本意 B常见词，考转意；短语：全部考转意做法：返回原文，找到核心词；注意核心词附近相同词性的内容；结合上下文，注意同位语，特别标点，定语从句及前后缀。注意：短语题中字面意思的选项永远是错的另：相邻两句间关系：转折并列或顺接More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(压力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means _. A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examinationRobert Shostak says the electronic museum is mostly for art or computer students at schools and universities. Many of the pictures in the museum are made by students. Mr. Shostak said the FIU museum will make computer art more fun for computer artists because more people can see it. He says artists enjoy their work much more if they have an audience. And the great number of home computers in America could mean a huge audience for the electronic museum.The words “audience” in the last paragraph refer to .A. art students B. computer ownersC. exhibits in the museum D. those who will enjoy artItalian sculptor and painter Michelangelo was one of the most remarkable artists who ever lived. Working in Rome and Florence in the early 1500s, he produced both religious and secular art that is still marveled at today. But it appears that Michelangelo could be his own harshest (苛刻的)critic(评论家).The word “secular” means_.A. holy B. worldly(世俗的) C. mediocre(低劣的) D. excellentLAST weeks decision by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to strip Pluto(冥王星) of its planetary status, held since its discovery in 1930, has saddened those with a strong love of it.Which word similar to “strip” in meaning?Areduce Bdecrease Ccross out Dleave In 1912, Picasso actually invented a new type of art . He painted a picture , then he pasted bits of paper and something else on the picture .This type of art is called collage (拼贴艺术). The meaning of the underlined word “pasted” in the third paragraph means “ ”.Astuck with Bstruck on Cdrew Dmixed with 关于词汇题要考的词：白词（即认识的）灰词（为不考本意的词）以下为灰词的总结！import重要性、意义、含义 understand知性 reason理性 reasoning推理knowledge知道、知晓 term条件；措辞 industry产业 law法规、规则act法案 community社会 agent动因 productivity经济implication影响（本义：暗示） code法则，准则 politics斗争，手腕 might力量tip指导，忠告插图，插页 sport（动）夸耀 spell（名）=period keep（名）生计exercise（动）施加影响 measure法案 passage通过leave（名）休假；（动）使得，让（如leave the window open） word（名）消息；（动）措辞黑词（即不认识的）推断方法：下定义，标志词：A is/means/refers to，用定义法这一更直白的解释方法来对生词进行解释，此法通常涉及的动词有 be, mean, deal with, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as 等。Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.只要读懂句意，并结合生活常识，便可知 annealing 的意思是“退火”。Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology 的意思是“研究人类的科学”，即“人类学”。同位语：A, one of .Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite kind and modest. 句中的 supercilious 是个生词，但是句中短语 in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)告诉我们 supercilious 告诉我们和后面词组 kind and modest(友好又谦虚)是对比关系，由此可知 supercilious 的意思是“傲慢的，目空一切的”。有时尽管未对生词进行直接的解释，但可能在生词后举出了一些相关的例子进行说明，若对这些例子进行适当归纳，即使不能完全猜测出生词的词义，也能猜测出其大致意义。英语中表示举例说明的方式通常有 such as, suchas, like, for example, for instance 等。Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys. 句中说像 dogs 和 monkeys 之类的 creatures，由此可知 creatures的意思应是“动物”。近义词：A or B（A与B不一定是近义词，可能毫不相关） A, or B、A and B（A与B绝对是近义词）有时文章中出现的生词可能与其他几个我们熟悉的词语同属一个类别，此时可以利用这种类属关系推测出生词的大概词义。Man has known something about the planets Venus, Mars and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.句中的 Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)火星Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但我们只要知道 planet(行星)便可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。The dromedary, like all other desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water. 句中的 like all other desert animals 告诉我们 dromedary 指的是“一种沙漠里的动物”，即“单峰骆驼”。解释：A is that is （后一个is后面的内容是对A的解释）/That is（是对上一句尾句名词的解释）同义解释法有时文章中尽管出现有生词，但作者可能以某种方式对生词进行了解释，如利用 or, that is (to say), in other words, namely 等释义性词语或短语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语、同位语从句、定语从句等解释。若能充分利用这种同义解释的关系，便可轻易地猜测出生词的词义。But sometimes, no rain falls for a long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought. 句中的 or 告诉我们：drought 与 a dry period 同义，即表示“同义，即表示干旱，旱灾”。标点符号，（）和We are on the night shift from midnight to 8 am this week.两个破折号之间的短语清楚地表明 night shift 是“夜班”的意思。“Its important to let children experience the reality of death, if it can be done in an atmosphere of love and caring. A child whose sibling, parent or grandparent is seriously ill can be made to feel helpful by being allowed to run errands(跑腿). Even a very young child can comfort a sick loved one with a cheering visit.” Judging from the passage, the underlined word “sibling” in the paragraph probably means . A. friend B. brother or sister C. cousin D. relative 答案B。猜测sibling这个词时，需要注意它是与parent or grandparent一起罗列出来的，这是通过列举归纳的方法来猜测词义的很好的例子。sibling, parent or grandparent都与孩子有亲属关系，从这样的列举我们不难推断sibling应当是“兄弟姐妹”。构词法（in-只有三对不表相反义，如下：）flammable可燃的 inflammable易燃valuable有价值的 invaluable价值不菲的基本构词法即根据基本的构词法知识来推测生词的词义。基本的构词法包括前缀、后缀、复合等，若平时积累了一定的构词法知识并在考试时充分运用，效果有时是十分明显的。Overwork may cause diseases. 前缀 over- 的意思是 over- “过分的，过量的”，故 overwork 的意思应为“工作过度”。Bullfight is very popular in Spain.根据构词法：bullfight= bull(公牛) + fight(打，搏斗)。根据常识：斗牛是西班牙一种颇为流行的体育运动。由此可知 bullfight 意为“斗牛”。定语从句The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 5,000 yuan a year.定语从句 who looks after sheep 表明 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”牧羊人。If left to himself, he would have whistled ( 吹口哨) life away in perfect satisfaction; but his wife was always mad at him for his idleness (懒散). Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. The underlined words “henpecked husband” in the paragraph probably means a man who_. A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hens C. loves his wife D. is afraid of his wife答案D。henpecked husband是通过前文事例，最后做出的归纳。进行猜词时，要分析文段所描述的人物特点：自己待着，无拘无束，其乐融融；而他的妻子却总会为他的懒散而恼怒，整天唠叨他，结果他不得已跑出家去。这种表现明显的是“气管炎”，怕老婆.前后对比，如：on the other hand；contras；on the contrary；转折词前后对比法有时作者对文章中的生词给出了一定的对比背景，并且这种背景通常以反义或对照的方式出现。表示这种对比的词和短语主要有 unlike, not, but, while, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast to with, compared with, used to, on the other hand 等。He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据句中的 not at all as handsome 可推知 homely 的意思是“不英俊，不漂亮”。American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.第一句说 expect employees to be punctual，而第二句说 not expect that the workers will come late，显然 punctual 应为 come late 之反义，即表示“准时，不迟到”。Jacob Blitzstein surprised his fellow students all the time. He isnt some stuffy guy, though he wears his neat gray beard and conservative (traditional) clothes. The word “stuffy” in the paragraph means _. A. old-fashioned B. respectable C. narrow-minded D. fat答案A。stuffy后面有一个though引导的让步状语从句，说明出现了反义信息，但是stuffy前面又有not，说明stuffy就是wears his neat gray beard and conservative (traditional) clothes传递出的信息，因此选择old-fashioned“传统的，守旧的”。常识 许多生词的猜测要求我们利用一定的生活常识和学科常识进行推理、分析。如： Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to our health. “吸烟有害健康”，这是众人皆知的常识，由此可知 detrimental 的意思应该是“有害的”。The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出 slither 的意思是“爬行”。根据文章的语境情景进行分析和推理，从而猜测出生词的词义。我们平时说“词不离句”，讲的就是对于词语的正确理解依赖于一定的句子(包括上下文)情景。所以同学们在猜测生词词义时，一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，对生词进行合情合理同时又合乎上下文语境的推测。如：情景。Have you got a piece of bread or something? Im really famished.根据上文问句的内容可以断定 famished 的意思是“饥饿的”，相当于 very hungry。The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.根据句意和常识可知 lintel 的意思应该是“过梁”。All the other members are of the same opinion. They are unanimous.根据上文 All the other members are of the same opinion unanimous 的意思应该是“意见一致的，无异议的”。The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent, and the player could never play the sport again.根据 and the player could never play the sport again 可推知 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。Johnson looked like a man wanted in Los Angeles for robbery, so the police detained him at San Pedro for the night.The next day, Johnson telephoned his friends in Los Angeles. They drove to San Pedro and made the police believe that Johnson was a harmless salesman, so they set him free. The underlined word “detained” probably means _. A. caught B. controlled C. kept D. hurtC。detained前面出现了a man wanted(被通缉的人)，the police(警察局)；它的下面又出现了at San Pedro for the night(在San Pedro过一夜)，综合分析上下文的信息，应当是拘留，也就是用kept一词，注意不能用caught，这是个动作动词，表示“逮着了”，但不能说“逮着了一夜”。因果推断 有时对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系来进行推断，既可以是根据原因推测结果，也可以是根据结果推测原因。英语中通常用于表示因果关系的词语有 because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so suchthat 等。There were so many people in the square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.根据句中的 so many people in the square，可知结果状语从句中的 elbow 意为“挤，挤过”。You shouldnt reproach him for that, for it wasnt his fault.根据句中的 for it wasnt his fault(那不是他的错 fAN)，可推知 reproach 的意思应是“责备”。 2、举例题问法：The example of “” in the passage is used to When mentioning “”, the author is talking about结论是例子所服务的对象，例子所说明的道理做法：结合例子，精读例子前面一句话注意：例子里的细节信息不能出现在正确选项里另：如果出现一个结论，下面有A、B、C、D四个顺序出现的例子，问D例子说明了什么。也就是说为结论服务的例子不止一个时，要在第一个例子里面找结论，这个结论而往往是段首句。再如问A（第16行）与B（第22行）两个例子是为了说明什么，此是A与B必服务于一个结论，因此A与B之间的内容不必看，直接找A前面的句子。窍门：当support/show/reveal/demonstrate/strengthen出现时看看是否是结论中的某个词的同义变换3主题题问法：mainly discuss/mainly about/best title不论题目出现在什么位置，一定要最后做做法：综合各段首句，如果第一段有转折词，重点往往在转折词后面；名词性词组和文章的高频词汇是主体内容；如；若文章有主题句，则与主题句相对应的为正确答案，对于A问题答案型：如01.59；B花开两朵型：文章有两个核心概念，围绕展开论述，又分为：a并进型：在第一段提出两个核心概念，下面并重地对两个核心概念进行论述，要找两个概念间的区别和联系，如94.54；b大花小花型：重点找大花（从文章篇幅就能看出）。注意：首段陷阱，如94.58、94.61、98.70；逆向思维，两个选项相似的进行排除；主题干扰选项：A局部信息：选项内容小于文章内容 B范围过宽，选项内容远大于文章内容In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. What is the subject discussed in the text? A. The writers unhappy school life B. The writers eagerness to earn moneyC. The writers experience as a full-time worker D. The writers hard work in an apple plant4指代题问法：it/they/them做法：返回原文，找出出题的指代词；向上搜索，找最近的名词性短语或句子；将找到的词、词组或句子替换为该指代词，看其意思是否通畅；将找到的词、词组或句子与选项相比较，找出最佳答案。Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation What does the underlined word “this” refer to?A. Great contributions to the society. B. Long-time study of the subject matter.C. Various statements about problem solving. D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.选B。此题答答案的直接依据是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看，this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time，比较四个选项，只有B与之吻合，因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达，选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。 注意：要半个分句半个分句地（即以逗号为准）向上找对应成份5细节题定位：同义变换：换同义词；句式注意：绝对化语言往往是错误选项（其他题目也适应），没有原文根据的绝对化语言为错误答案最高级：-est，most，least，顺序最高级first，last，at most；唯一性：only，sole(ly)，unique(ly)，exclusive(ly)，aloneTuition Fees(学费)Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: Accommodation(住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250B. $8,000C. $9,000D. $11,000 根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知，一年的学费最低为5,000美元，再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知，除学费外，还有住宿费(