芝加哥论文格式PPT课件

.,1,ChicagoManualStyle,芝加哥论文格式,.,2,总体介绍,论文格式的三大流行范式，关于英文学界论文的格式，目前被国际学术界广泛接受的主要有三种：芝加哥论文格式（ChicagoManualStyle，CMS）美国心理学会论文格式（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation，APA）现代语言学会论文格式（ModernLanguageAssociation，MLA）,.,3,历史渊源,CMS论文格式源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的ManualStyle，经过100多年的增补、修订、CMS确立了学术论文写作格式的权威地位。TheChicagoManualofStyle目前已出至第十五版，书中的“格式指南”部分详细说明撰写论文时需要注意的细节，包括标点符号、人名和数字的写法、缩写、以及注释和书目的编制方法等，是撰写论文时，编写注释和参考书目之必要参考。,.,4,Thissectionprovidesnoteformsforawiderangeofsources,frombooksandarticlestoelectronicmedia,basedonTheChicagoManualofStyle,15thedition,2003.,Becausetypesofsourcesareproliferatingrapidly,youmayuseonethatisnotmentionedhere.Inthiscase,youshouldlookattheclosestalternativeandconstructyourownentryaccordingtothebasicprinciplesofChicagoManualformat.,.,5,FootnotesandEndnotes脚注和尾注,Thecitationofasourceinthenote-bibliographysystemisindicatedinthetextwithasuperscript(raised)number,whichreferstoanoteprovidinginformationaboutthesource.,Thenotes,Whentheyappearatthebottomofthepage,footnotes,Whentheyarecollectedinasectionattheendofeachchapterorattheendoftheentirepaper,endnotes,.,6,DesignationofNotesintheText,Anoteisindicatedinthetextbyaraisedarabicnumeral.Thesuperscriptnumbershouldberaiseone-halfspace(notafullspace)abovethelineandshouldbeplaceddirectlyafterthematerial(withoutaspace)towhichthenoterefers.Thebestplacementofthenumberisattheendofasentence.Thenumberfollowsallpunctuationexceptthedash,anditshouldnotbeitalicized,circled,orfollowedbyaperiod.,Thefollowingexamplesdemonstratecorrectandincorrectplacementofsuperscriptnumbers.,.,7,RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.1”,RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”1,.,8,RobertHeilbroner1explainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman,”accordingtoRobertHeilbroner.1,.,9,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”-1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman”1-ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,.,10,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman”:1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,Bothfootnotesandendnotesareusuallynumberedconsecutivelywithinachapter,startingwithnumberoneineachnewchapter.Someinstitutions,however,recommendnumberingnotesthroughouttheentirethesis.,.,11,example,.,12,.,13,FirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后续引用,Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.,Forabook,Acompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):,completenameoftheauthor,titleofthebook,nameoftheeditor,compiler,ortranslator,edition(otherthanfirst),numberofvolumesortheindividualvolumenumber,seriesandnumber,cityandstateofpublication;publisher,dateofpublication,pagenumber(s),.,14,LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.,completenameoftheauthor,titleofthebook,cityandstateofpublication,dateofpublication,pagenumber(s),.,15,BenjaminWoolley,VirtualWorlds:AJourneyinHypeandHyperreality,(Cambridge:Blackwell,1992),100.,A:,B:,C：,D:,.,16,FirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后续引用,Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.,Foraarticleinaperiodical,Acompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):,completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided),titleofthearticle,nameoftheperiodical,volumeandnumberoftheissue,date,pagenumber(s),.,17,C.E.Nwezeh,“TheComparativeApproachtoModernAfricanLiterature,”YearbookofGeneralandComparativeLiterature,no.28(1979):22.,completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided),titleofthearticle,nameoftheperiodical,numberoftheissue,date,pagenumber(s),.,18,Afterthefirstcompletereferencenote,useashortenedformatforsubsequentreferencestothesamework.,Inmostcases,thelastnameoftheauthorandthepagenumberservetoidentifythework.,Subsequentreferencenotesshouldprovideenoughinformationtoallowthereadertolocatetheoriginalnoteorthebibliographyentry,buttheyshouldbenolongerthannecessary.,SubsequentReference后续引用,.,19,LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.,Shatzkin,45.,.,20,Whenmorethanoneworkbyanauthoriscited,eachsubsequentreferencemustincludenotonlythenameoftheauthor,butalsothetitleofthearticleorbook(shortenedwhenthetitleislong).,后续引用中的一人多著作,首次引用文献,VaclavHavel,KeepingtheFaith:SummerMeditations(NewYork:Knopf,1990),15.VaclavHavel,LivinginTruth(NewYork:Knopf,1987),43.,后续引用,Havel,KeepingtheFaith,43.,Havel,LivinginTruth,72.,.,21,Foraworkwithmultipleauthors,givethelastnamesofuptothreeauthors.Whenaworkhasfourormoreauthors,givethenameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.,后续引用中的多人合著,首次引用文献,CleanthBrooksandRobertPennWarren,ModernRhetoric,4thed.(NewYork:Harcourt,1979),56.,后续引用,BrooksandWarren,89.,Laueretal.,80.,JaniceM.Laueretal.,FourWorldsofWriting(NewYork:Harper,1981),77.,.,22,Whenyouhavemorethanoneauthorwiththesamelastname,includefirstnamesorinitialsinsubsequentreferences.,同姓作者,首次引用文献,HelenC.White,TheMysticismofWilliamBlake(NewYork:Russell,1964),75.,后续引用,HelenC.White,77.,E.B.White.95.,E.B.White,CharlottesWeb(NewYork:Harper,1952),67.,.,23,Someworkshavethenameofaneditor,compiler,ortranslatorinplaceofthenameofanauthor.Insubsequentreferences,youshouldlistthenameornamesoftheeditor,compiler,ortranslatorwithouttheaccompanyingabbreviation(ed.,comp.,ortrans.),whichshouldappearinthebibliography.,仅署编者或译者名的著作,首次引用文献,后续引用,Brandon，17.,HenryBrandon,ed.,InSearchofaNewWorldOrder:ThefutureofU.S.-EuropeanRelations(Washington,DC:Brookings,1992),231.,.,24,Ifamultivolumeworkhasonegeneraltitle,eachsubsequentcitationmustincludethevolumenumber.,多卷本著作,首次引用文献,后续引用,Rad,1:76.,GerhardvonRad,OldTestamentTheology,trans.D.M.G.Stalker,2vols.(NewYork:Harper,1962-65),(Thiscitationreferstomaterialinvolume1,onpage76).,.,25,Magazines,月刊文章基本形式（附署名）,DanielKleppner,“AboutBenjaminThompson,”PhysicsToday,September1992,9.,周刊文章基本形式,“TheBardofBetrayal,”ObserverMagazine,September27,1992,44-46.,p178,.,26,Newspapers,基本形式,PamelaMercer,“U.SVentureBetsonColombianCoal,”NewYorkTimes,July27,1995,D7.,社论,“PotomacYardDecision,”editorial,Wa