高考英语阅读理解-推理判断题的解题技巧.ppt

阅读-推理判断题,所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息，即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此类考题虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。推理判断题主要包括推断隐含意思、推断目标读者、推断观点态度、推断文章出处、推断写作意图等。尤以推断隐含意义的题居多。,第一类推断隐含意义旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。,推断隐含意义的题干中常含infer(推断)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，indicate(暗示)，conclude(推断，得出结论)等词语。常见的题干设题形式如下：1Wecanknowfromthepassagethat_2.Wecaninferfromthe(first/last)passagethat_3Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat_4Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_5Theunderlinedsentenceindicatesthat_,一、常见的设问形式,解答这类题时，首先通过寻读找到相关信息点(推理的依据)；然后细读、理解相关信息点的字面意义；最后结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。解答此类题目，需注意以下几个问题：1严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，切忌掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。2如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。,二、解题方法,3如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。4如果某个选项所表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。5文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should，must，may等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。6.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively，rather等，则常带有否定的意味。,例Thepositionwasofferedatthelastminute，andIwasgiventwoweekstoprepare，aperiodIspentsearchingforbriefcase(公文包)andstandingbeforemyfulllengthmirror，repeatingthewords，“Hello，class.ImMr.Davis.”SometimesIwouldgivemyselfanaggressivevoice.SometimesIwouldsoundexperienced.Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor，butrathera12yearoldboy.,WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromtheParagraph?AHewouldbeaggressiveinhisfirstclass.BHewaswellpreparedforhisfirstclass.CHegotnervousuponthearrivalofhisfirstclass.DHewaitedlongforthearrivalofhisfirstclass.,推断隐含意义题。根据本段中的“Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.”和“Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor，butrathera12yearoldboy.”可知本题选C。,C,第二类推断写作意图推断写作意图，即要求考生根据短文内容推断作者写该文章的目的。,1Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto_2Thepassageismeantto_3Theauthorspurposeistoshow_4Thepurposeofthearticleisto_,一、常见的设问形式,作者的写作目的通常有娱乐读者、说服读者接受某种观点和告知读者某些信息三种。解答此类题时主要有两种方法：1主旨推断法：写作目的是阐述作者为何要表达某个中心主题，因此可根据主旨推断作者的写作目的。2文体推断法：根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的。如记叙文，,二、解题方法,特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章，其目的是娱乐读者；夹叙夹议的文章，其目的是让读者得到某种启示或教育；广告和议论文的目的是说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点；科普说明文或新闻报告，其目的是告知读者某些信息。,例Coldweathercanbehardonpets，justlikeitcanbehardonpeople.Sometimesownersforgetthattheirpetsarejustasusedtothewarmshelter(住所)astheyare.Someownerswillleavetheiranimalsoutsideforalongperiodoftime，thinkingthatallanimalsareusedtolivingoutdoors.Thiscanputtheirpetsindangerofseriousillness.Therearethingsyoucandotokeepyouranimalwarmandsafe.,Keepyourpetsinsideasmuchasyoucanwhentheweatherisbad.Ifyouhavetotakethemout，stayoutsidewiththem.Whenyourecoldenoughtogoinside，theyprobablyaretoo.Ifyoumustleavethemoutsideforalongtime，makesuretheyhaveawarm，solidshelteragainstthewind，thickbedding，andplentyofnonfrozenwater.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?ATosolveaproblem.BTogivepracticaladvice.,CTotellaninterestingstory.DTopresentaresearchresult.,推断写作目的题。根据第一段的中心句(最后一句)可知，这是一篇说明文，其目的是给养宠物的人提一些实用的建议。,B,第三类推断观点态度推断观点态度，即要求考生推断作者对某人某事的看法或作者所持的观点。,1Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against_2Theauthormayprobablyagreewith/support_3Whatstheauthorsopinionabout.?4Intheauthorsopinion.?,一、常见的设问形式,根据文章的内容和作者的措辞能推断作者所持的观点或看法，判断作者的态度是客观的、主观的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。例Itisnotjustunkindbutalsodangeroustosayafourhourlyfeedingschedulewillmakeababysatisfied.ThefirstoftheexpertstoadvocateastrictclockwatchingschedulewasDr.FredericTrubyKingwhowasagainstfeedinginthenight.Iveneverheardanythingso,二、解题方法,ridiculous.Babyfeedingshouldntfollowatimetablesetbythemum.Whatisimportantisfeedingababyinthebestway，thoughitmaycausesomeinconvenienceinthefirstfewweeks.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutDr.FredericTrubyKing?AHeisstrict.BHeisunkind.CHehasthewrongidea.DHesetsatimetableformothers.,推断作者观点态度题。由“Iveneverheardanythingsoridiculous(荒谬可笑的)”可知。,C,第四类推断文章出处推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从而推断材料的来源。,1Thetextismostlikelytobetakenfrom_2Wheredoesthetextprobablycomefrom?3Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthistext?,一、常见的设问形式,解答这类推断题时，可根据文章的内容或结构来推断，也可根据各种文体的特征来判断其出处，如广告的用词和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨认；报纸的前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；产品说明的特点也比较明显，一般会介绍其名称、作用或操作方式等。例ThemultimillionpoundnewLibraryofBirmingham(LoB)willbethemostvisiblesignofthewaythecityisacceptingthedigitalization(数字化)ofeverydaylife.,二、解题方法,Settoopenin2013，the188mLoBisalreadybeginningtotakeshapenexttotheBirminghamRepertoryTheatre，withwhichitwillsharesomeequipment.Asdigitalmedia(媒介)isimportanttoitsidea，theprojectisalreadyprovidingchancesforsomeofthemanysmallnewlocalcompaniesworkingatthenewtechnologies.BrianGambles，theLoBprojectdirector，saysitisaboutgivingpeopletherighttoolsforlearning.“Theaimistomixthephysicalwiththedigital，providing24hourserviceswhichcanbeusedthroughmanydifferentways.Itisimportanttoenableustoreachmorepeople，moreeffectively.”,Thedigitallibrarywill，hesays，beasimportantasthephysicalone，allowingthedistantuseoftheservices，makingsurethatitisneverclosedtothepublic.EvenbeforetheLoBiscomplete，thepublichasbeenabletogoonlinetovisittheVirtual(虚拟的)LoB，designedbyBaden，theBirminghamvirtualworldsspecialists.NotonlyhavethepublicbeenabletolearnabouttheLoB，butthevirtualonehasalsoenabledthoseworkingontheLoBtounderstandthebuildingandhowitwillworkbeforeitevenopens.,TwoothersmallBirminghambaseddigitalcompaniesarealsoworkingontheLoBprojects.Substrat，adigitaldesigncompany，isdevelopingwhatitcallsanexampleofan“enlargedreality”project.Itisabouttheuseofanexcitingsmartphone，animportantpartoftheLoBwhichisintheearlystagesofdevelopment.AndThePeoplesArchiveisanonlinelibraryofhistoricalfiguresofthecitybeingbuiltupbyadigitalcontentcompanyinCahoots，inwhichuserswillbeencouragedtoaddtoandcommentonthematerial.,Gamblessays:“Technologywillenableustomakethelibraryscontentandservicesopentocitizensasneverbefore.”Thetextismostprobablytakenfrom_AacomputerbookBalibraryguideCaprojecthandbookDanewspaperreport,推断文章出处。文章开头用简短的话概括文章，结尾又有评论，符合新闻报道的特点。,D,第五类推断目标读者推断目标读者，即要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的。,1Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor_2Whoisthepassagewrittenfor?3Thetextiswrittenmainlyfor_,一、常见的设问形式,解答此类题要根据文章内容，特别是从作者使用的词语、口气和人称来判断。例ExploityourparkingspaceAnunusedparkingspaceorgaragecanmakemoney.Ifyoulivenearacitycenteroranairport，youcouldmakeanythingupto200or300aweek.Putanadvertisement(广告)forfreeonLetparkorAtmyhousepark.Rent(出租)aroom,二、解题方法,Spareroom?Notonlywillalodger(房客)earnyouanincome，butalso，thankstothegovernmentbacked“rentaroom”program，youwonthavetopayanytaxonthefirst4，500youmakeperyear.TryadvertisingyourroomonRoomspareorRoommateeasy.MakemoneyduringspecialeventsDontwantafulltimelodger?Thenrentonashorttermbasis.Ifyouliveinthecapital，rentingaroomoutduringtheOlympicsorotherbigeventscouldbringinmoney.Grashpaddercanadvertiseyourspace.,Forwhomisthetextmostprobablywritten?ALodgers.BAdvertisers.CHouseowners.DOnlinecompanies.,推断目标读者题。文中围绕如何利用家中闲置的空间来赚取额外的收入进行论述，故其目标读者应为房主。,C,阅读下列文段，从题后所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项。1WhenIwasateenager，mymothersbrokenEnglishembarrassedme.Butnow，Iseeitdifferently.Tome，mymothersEnglishisperfectlyclear，perfectlynatural.Itismymothertongue.Herlanguage，asIhearit，isvivid，direct，andfullofobservationandwisdom.ItwasthelanguagethathelpedshapethewayIsawthings，expressedideas，andmadesenseoftheworld.,即学即练,WhatdoestheauthorthinkofhermothersEnglishnow?AItconfusesher.BItembarrassesher.CIthelpsherunderstandtheworld.DIthelpshertoleraterudepeople.,推断隐含意义。由“Butnow，Iseeitdifferently.Tome.andmadesenseoftheworld”可知选C。,C,2WhenIputonmyflashlights，Iwassayingtootherdrivers，“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.Severaltimes，Isawdriverswhowantedtopass.Theycouldntgetaroundmebecauseofthestreamofpassingtraffic.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?,ATheyspeededuptopass.BTheywaitedwithpatience.CTheytriedtheirbesttohelp.DTheyputontheirflashlightstoo.,推断隐含意义。由该段中的“Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.”可知选B。,B,3Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.Inthispassage，theauthoradvisesusto_.AhandleproblemsbyourselvesBaccepthelpfromothersCadmitourweaknessDshowourbravery,推断隐含意义。根据文章最后一句“Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.”可知选C。,C,4However，itwasntallsweetnessandlight.Therewasareportedcoldnessbetweenthecatanddogin25%ofthehomes，whileaggressionandfightingwereobservedin10%ofthehomes.Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.Forexample，whenacatturnsitsheadaway，itsignalsaggression，whileadogdoingthesamesignalssubmission.Somecatsanddogsmayfightwhen_Atheyarecoldtoeachother,推断隐含意义。根据该段中的“Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.”一句可知选C。,C,BtheylookawayfromeachotherCtheymisunderstoodeachotherssignalsDtheyareintroducedatanearlyage,5Thesignificanceoftheresearchoncatsanddogsmaygobeyondpetstopeoplewhodontgetalong，includingneighbors，colleaguesatwork，andevenworldsuperpowers.Ifcatsanddogscanlearntogetalong，surelypeoplehaveagoodchance.Whatcanwehumanbeingslearnfromcatsanddogs?AWeshouldlearntoliveinharmony.BWeshouldknowmoreaboutanimals.CWeshouldliveinpeacewithanimals.DWeshouldlearnmorebodylanguages.,推断隐含意义。通读全文不难判断：猫狗且能和谐相处，人类有何不可？根据该段大意可知本题选A。,A,6Ayearaftergraduation，Iwasofferedapositionteachingawritingclass.TeachingwasaprofessionIhadneverseriouslyconsidered，thoughseveralofmystorieshadbeenpublished.Iacceptedthejobwithouthesitation，asitwouldallowmetowearatieandgobythenameofMr.Davis.Myfatherwentbythesamename，andIlikedtoimaginepeoplegettingthetwoofusconfused.“Waitaminute，”someonemightsay，“areyoutalkingaboutMr.Davistheretiredman，orMr.Davistherespectablescholar？”,Theauthortookthejobtoteachwritingbecause_AhewantedtoberespectedBhehadwrittensomestoriesChewantedtopleasehisfatherDhehaddreamedofbeingateacher,推理隐含意义。根据该段中的“asitwouldallowmetowearatieandgobythenameofMr.Davis.”一句可知选A。,A,7Providingguidanceforparentsonhowtoraisechildrenisanageoldtradition.PerhapsthemostwidelyusedguidewasBabyandChildCarebyBenjaminSpock，publishedin1946，oneofthebiggestbestsellersofalltime.MichaelUngaraddsanewhandbooktoshowhowparentscaninstillintheirchildrenasenseofcompassion(同情)，givingpriorityto“we”ratherthanto“me”Hedrawsonotherauthorities，hisownexperienceasafather，andtheunderstandinghehasachievedfromyears,ofofferinghelptodisturbedfamilies.Practicalguidanceisofferedonproducingchildrenwhoareresponsibleforthemselvesandothers.Ungarfullyrecognizesthedifficultyofhelpingyoungpeoplemovefromselfcenterednesstocaringforotherpeople.Accordingly，heendseachchapterwitha“TipsList”thatofferseffectivesuggestionsonhowtopreparechildrentobecomecompassionatebyengaginginsimpleactsofkindness.,Theimportanceofassociationswithparentsandotheradultsisexploredintwochaptersthatshowhowrelationshipscanleadtoresponsibility.WhatUngarcalls“goodtouch”，bothphysicallyandemotionally，isthoughtfullyexaminedasawayoffosteringconnectionsandkinship(亲密关系)Chaptersaredevotedtoshowinghowchildrencanbehelpedtotakeresponsibilityforthemselvesandothers；tocriticizingwhatarecalled“monsterhomes”inwealthysuburbs；andtoarguingforcommunitiesthatfacilitate(促进)humaninteraction.,TheauthorofthishelpfulguidebookisaCanadiansocialworkeronthefacultyofDalhousieUniversityinHalifax，NovaScotia.HeearnedbachelorsandmastersdegreesinsocialworkatMcGillUniversityandhisdoctorateinsocialworkatWilfridLaurierUniversity.Asanaccomplishedresearcherandpractitioner,Ungarhasnumerouspublicationstohiscredit.Hisnewbookwilldeservedlyenhancehiswellmeritedreputation.Itisausefuladditiontothelistofparentalhandbooks.,(1)Theabovepassageismostprobablytakenfroma_AresearchpaperBbiographyCbookreviewDtextbook(2)Thelastparagraphiswrittento_AtellustheworksMichaelUngarBletusknowhowfamousMichaelUngarisCmakeasummaryofMichaelUngarslifeDmakeusmoreconvincedofMichaelUngarsbook,(1)推断文章出处。全文主要介绍MichaelUngar的新书的主要内容和特色。,C,(2)推断写作意图。最后一段简要介绍MichaelUngar的经历，结尾句“Itisausefuladditiontothelistofparentalhandbooks.”的意图是为了使读者对MichaelUngar的新书更有信心。,D,8Idontwanttoseeanyonecutofffromtheexpressive，personalassociationsthatapenstillpromotesbetterthanadigitalkeyboarddoes.Formanyabiographer，partofreallygettingtoknowtheirsubjectsislearningtoreadtheirhandwriting.Accordingtotheauthor，handwrittennotes_AarehardertoteachinschoolsBattractmoreattentionCareusedonlybetweenfriendsDcarrymoremessage,推理隐含意义。由该段第一句“theexpressive，personalassociationsthatapenstillpromotesbetterthanadigitalkeyboarddoes.”可知选D。,D,9Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantexpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway，youvegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sure