汉译英练习及答案

汉译英理论与实践教程,程永生著,练习参考答案,说明,此次更新，为全部汉译英理论与实践练习及参考答案制作了课件，但考虑到网络空间，此处仅提供样品。,目录,第一章汉语词语英译第二章现代汉语句子英译第三章现代汉语段落英译第四章汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译,第一章汉语词语英译,第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制第二节汉语成语与熟语英译第三节汉语人名地名英译第四节汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译第五节汉语中带数字的词语英译第六节汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译第七节现代汉语时新词语英译,第一章汉语词语英译,第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制第二节汉语成语与熟语英译第三节汉语人名地名英译第四节汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译第五节汉语中带数字的词语英译第六节汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译第七节现代汉语时新词语英译,第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制,AnswerstoQuestions15,AnswertoQuestion1,TheChineselexicalitemsmainlyconsistofwordsandphrases,includingidioms,setphrases,proverbs,allegoricalsayingsandsoon.Chineselexicalitemscanbedividedintermsofpartsofspeech,functionandsoon.Intermsofpartsofspeech,Chineselexicalitems,especiallywords,canbedividedintonouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,interjections,etc.Intermsoffunction,Chineselexicalitemscanfallintoordinarywords,properwords,technicalterms,andsoon,aswellassayings,includingidioms,setphrases,proverbs,allegoricalsayings,etc.,AnswertoQuestion2,ActuallyanyunitofaChinesetextcanserveasthebearerofChinesecultureandconstitutespartoftheChineseculture,butChineselexicalitems,inasense,embodytheChineseculturemoretypicallythanothers,atleastseeminglymoretypically.Forexample,foryears,wehaveintroducedEnglishsentencepatternsintotheChineselanguagesothatwhenwesay“如果你不来，我们就不给你留位子了”，wecannotsayforsurethatitisatypicalChinesesentencefreefromanyEnglishinfluence,AnswertoQuestion2(continued),fortheEnglishtranslationwouldbe,tosomeextent,structurallyaChineseequivalent:Ifyoudonotcome,wewillnotkeeptheseatforyou.Suchsententialsimilaritiescanbeeasilylocatedinbothlanguages.However,whenitcomestoaChinesepersonalname,aChineseplacename,anameforaChineseutensil,anameforaChinesearchitecture,aChineseidiom,aChinesesetphrase,aChineseproverb,AnswertoQuestion2(continued),aChineseallegoricalsayingandsoon,suchsimilaritiescanhardlyreadilybefound,andalltheseitemscannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutreferringtotheChineseculture.Forexample,whenwesay四合院，itwillconjuresupapicturedifferentfromanEnglishflat.Intermsofvalue,indeSaussre”ssense,theChinese叔叔isnotworthasmuchastheEnglishuncle.,AnswertoQuestion3,FortranslationoflexicalitemsfromChineseintoEnglish,therearesuchmechanismsassoundtranslation,meaningtranslation,sound-meaningtranslationandsoon.Occasionally,peopleaddnotestothetranslationofChineselexicalitemsorstretchthetranslationtoaprolongedlengthtoincludetheculturalorsocialmeaningofaparticularChineselexicalitem.However,nomatterbywhatmechanism,wecannotalways,ifwecanonsomeoccasions,revivethemeaningoftheoriginalcompletely.,AnswertoQuestion3(continued),Thereasonperhapsisthatbehindthelexicalitemsofalanguage,therestandthetextualgridofthatlanguageandculturalgridorthesocialgridrelevanttothelanguage,inBassenettsterms.IndeSaussuresterm,thevalueofawordisdeterminedbythevalueofrelevantwordsinthesamesemanticfield.IntranslationofChineselexicalitemsintoEnglish,wecannottranslatethetextual,culturalorsocialgridoreventhesemanticfieldrelevanttothelexicalitems,AnswertoQuestion3(continued),thoughwecanbyothermeansintroducesomeideasofthegridorthesemanticfield.Asforwhichofthemechanismstochoose,itmuchdependsontheinclinationofthetranslator,thoughonthetranslationsituationaswell.TakethetranslationofthepersonalnamesofADreamofRedMansionsforexample.Someusepinyinwhileothersturntomeaningtranslationandstillothersturntoacombinationofpinyinandmeaningtranslation.AndthepinyinuserscanbedividedintothosewhousethepinyinthatcanbewitnessedinputonghuaandthosewhousethecodesystemofWebster.,AnswertoQuestion3(continued),Notethatintheabovediscussion,weusedsoundtranslationinsteadoftransliteration,asoftenusedbysomeChinesetranslationtheoreticians,becausewebelievethattransliterationliterallymeansletterforlettertranslationanditisoften,ifnotalways,employedbyWesterntheoreticianaccordingly.,AnswertoQuestion4,Foruniversitystudents,translationmainlymeansrenderingtheoriginalintothetargetbychoosingproperlexicalitemsandpropersentencepatterns.Generallyspeaking,theyarenotexpectedtotransplanttheseedaswedointranslationofaChinesepoemintoEnglishortheotherwayround,noraretheyexpectedtodoanythingmoresophisticatedthantotranslateapassageofprose,realorfictional.ItisinthissensethatwesaythattranslationoflexicalitemsfromChineseintoEnglishisademandingtaskforuniversitystudents.Forothers,however,thestatementmaynotapply.,AnswertoQuestion4(continued),Anotheraccountforthestatementmaylieinthefactthatlexicalitemsareextremelycloselyrelatedtothedifferencesofthetwoculturesthattakethetwolanguagesastheircodesystems,aswasdiscussedintheaboveanswer.,AnswertoQuestion5,Wefirmlybelievethatitistheinherentdefectoftranslation.Taketranslationofthethreenamesof贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗forexample.DuetothefactthatChineseandEnglisharetotallydifferentlanguagesthattransliterationcannotapplyinthiscase,thenormalpracticefortranslationofthethreenamesisbypinyin.However,intheformofChinesecharacter,JiaBaoyumaybeconsideredasacrosscousinofLinDaiyuontheonehandandacrosscousinofXueBaochaiontheother.,AnswertoQuestion5(continued),Also,theChinesecharacter黛tellstheChinesereaderthatLinDaiyumayprobablybeafemaleandtheChinesecharacter钗alsotellstheChinesereaderthatXueBaochaimayprobablybeanotherfemale.AndBaoyuishonorificreferenceofastone,usuallyusedtonamemales.,AnswertoQuestion5(continued),IntheChinesecultureofthetime,crosscousinsofdefferentsexescanfallinlovewithoneanotherandgetmarried.HencethethreenamessoexpressedinChinesecharactersmayprobablysuggestthatthethreepersonssonamedmayinvolveinatriangularlove,whichusuallyendsintragedy.However,whenspeltoutbypinyin,suchimpliedmeaningswillcompletelybelost,especiallytoreadersofanotherlanguage,fortheyaregenerallyspeakingstrangerstotheChineseculture.,AnswertoQuestion5(continued),Nowadaystranslationisoftendiscussedinrelationtocreativetreason,wewouldliketopushtheideaalittlefurtherbysayingthattranslationbynatureisabusinessofcreativetreason,formoreoftenthannot,weastranslatorshavetobetrayboththeauthorandtheoriginaltext,atleastasfarastheformalstructureisconcerned.,第二节汉语熟语英译,1成语2典故3俗语4谚语5歇后语,1汉语成语英译,安居乐业liveinpeaceandworkincontentment;liveandworksatisfactorily奔走相告rushabouttotellthenewstoeachother;runningaroundtospreadthenews不务正业notengagedintherightbusiness;notengagedinonesownbusiness叱咤风云commandwindandcloud;extremelypowerfulorinfluential大相径庭sodifferentasafootpathisdifferentfromacourtyard;soworldapartastodefyreason;totallydifferent,2汉语典故英译,杯弓蛇影sosuspiciousastotakeareflectedbowinthedrinkingcupasasnake;extremelysuspiciousNote:Legendhasitthatonceapersonwasinvitedtodineinanothershome.Abowwashungonthewallandtheguesttookthereflectionofthebowinhisdrinkingcupasasnake.Backhome,hethoughtthathehadimbibedthevenomandfellill.Theallusionnowappliestogroundlesssuspicion.,汉语典故英译（续）,沧海横流homelessorvagrantNote:Traditionhasitthattoavoidwars,WangNiwenttoJiangxia.Hethenfeltthatwanderingaboutwithhissoninacart,hewasahomelessvagrant.,汉语典故英译（续）,长风破浪tobreakatenthousandliwavebyridingonalongwind;ambitiousNote:TraditionhasitthatwhenZongQuewasyoung,hisuncleaskedhimabouthisambitions.Herepliedthathewouldliketorideonalongwindtobreakawaveoftenthousandli.Theallusionnowappliestothedescriptionofgreatambitions.,汉语典故英译（续）,沉鱼落雁(ofalady)sobeautifulthatonseeingher,thefishfeelsinferiorinbeautyastodiveintodeepwaterandthecranefeelsinferiorinbeautyastoflyhighintothesky;stunninglybeautifulNote:OnceZhuangzisaidinabookthatMaoQiangandLiJiweresobeautifulastomakefishandbirdsfeelashamedoftheirowninferiorityinbeautybyeitherdivingintodeepwateroralightinghighintothesky.Theallusionnowappliestothedescriptionofthestunningbeauty.,汉语典故英译（续）,董宣强项theneck-unbendingDongXuan;stubbornasDongXuan;unyielding;unbendingNote:Asrecordedinhistory,DongXuanwasappointedMagistrateofLuoyang.Onhispost,onceaservantofaprincesskilledaninnocent.DongXuan,anofficialofjusticewhowashandlingthecase,couldnotgointotheprincesssmansiontoarrestthecriminalbuthadtowaitforthemantocomeout.Oncethemanwentoutwiththeprincess,DongXuancaughthimandkilledhimonthestreet.Inthisway,heoffendedtheprincess,whoreportedtheincidenttotheemperor.ThentheemperoraskedDongXuantomakeapologytotheprincess.Believingthathedidnothongwrong,DongXuanrefusedtoyieldtotheimperialpower.ThentheemperororderedtheguardstopresshimontothegroundbutDongXuanmanagednottobendhisneck.Nowtheallusionisusedtodescribeanuprightpersonorofficial.,3汉语俗语英译,按倒葫芦起来瓢whilethegourdispresseddown,thegourdladlefloatsup;whileoneproblemisresolved,anothercomesup把吃奶的劲都使出来了useupallthestrengthincludingthestrengthheusedtosuckmilkfromhismothersbreasts;exhaustallthestrength百闻不如一见onehundredhearingisnotasgoodasasingleseeing;bettertoseethantohear;seeingisbelieving搬起石头砸自己的脚liftarockonlytodropitononesowntoes;maketroubleforothersbutitturnsoutthatonlythemakeristroubled,汉语俗语英译（续）,病急乱投医pressedbyillness,onemightgotoanydoctorblindly;indifficulty,onemightturntoanyonewhoseabilitytohelpheisntsure病来如山倒，病去如抽丝whenill,thesickpersonwouldbreakdownlikeamountaincollapsing;intherecovering,hemayhavetobepatientinexpectingtherestorationtohisformerhealth;illnesscomessuddenlybutrecoveryprogressesveryslowly,4汉语谚语英译,年怕中秋，月怕十五ayearisafraidoftheMid-AutumnFestival,amonthisafraidofthefifteenthday;ayearwillendsoonwhenitreachestheMid-AutumnFestival,amonthwillendsoonwhenitreachesthefifteenthday;ayearinautumnwillsooncometoanendandamonthinthemiddlewillendsoon,汉语谚语英译（续）,一年之计在于春，一日之计在于寅thewholeyeardependsonagoodstartinspringandthedaydependsonagoodstartinthehourofyin;agoodbeginningishalfthesuccessNote:Yin,theCheinternationalsystem,theearliesthourontheancientChineseclock.,汉语谚语英译（续）,春前有雨花开早，秋后无雨叶落迟withrainsbeforetheBeginningofSpring,flowerswillbeinblossomearlier;withoutrainsaftertheBeginningofAutumn,leaveswillfalllater;itsbettertohaverainsbeforetheBeginningofSpringbutnotaftertheBeginningofAutumn春天不忙，秋天无粮withoutbeingbusylaboringinspring,dontexpecttoharvestinautumn;toilinginspringmeansabumperharvestinautumn,汉语谚语英译（续）,麦要好种，稻要好秧wheatdependsongoodseeds,ricedependsongoodseedlings;goodseeds,goodharvestinwheat;goodseedlings,goodharvestinrice;successnecessitatesagoodbeginning十年树木，百年树人ittakestenyearsforatreetogrowupbutittakesahundredyearsforamantomature;ittakesalongertimetocultivateamanthantogrowatree;cultivationofamantakesalotoftime;itisverydifficulttocultivateaman,5汉语歇后语英译,5猴子爬竹竿上窜下跳amonkeyclimbingupabamboopostbyjumpingupanddown；likeamonkeyclimbingupabamboopost,theyrunaroundtostiruptroubles,汉语歇后语英译（续）,董卓进京不怀好意DongZhuomovinghisarmedforcesintothecapitalanill-intentionedact;likeDongZhuomovinghisarmedforcesintothecapital,itisanill-intentionedactNote:ByendoftheEasternHanDynasty,DongZhuowascalledbyHeJintoleadhisarmedforcestothecapitalandhelphimtoeliminatealltheeunuchs.However,DongZhuosintentionwastotakeovertheimperialpower.,汉语歇后语英译（续）,刘备摔阿斗收买人心LiuBeithrowingAdouontothegroundtobuypeoplesheartsortobuypopularsupport;likeLiuBeithrowingAdouontotheground,itisanacttowinpopularsupportNote:LiuBei,kingofShu,wasonceutterlydefeatedbyCaoCao,dukeofWei,andhadhiswifekilled.However,hisgeneralZhaoYunwenttohissonAdousrescueandcarriedthebabyback.ZhaoYundidthisattheriskofhisownlife.WhenAdouwasdeliveredtoLiuBei,hethrewthebabyontotheground,sayingthattherescueofthebabyendangeredZhaoYunslife,alifewithmoreworththanAdous.Thisactofhisisusuallyregardedasanactofdeceivingthepopulaceintosupporting,汉语歇后语英译（续）,王八照相龟（鬼）头龟（鬼）脑awangba,anothernamefortortoise,hasitspicturetakenapictureofthetortoisefromheadtofoot,thatis,thepictureofathief;likeatortoisehavingitspicturetaken,itlooksathieffromheadtofootNote:TheChinesecharactersgui,meaningdevil,andgui,meaningatortoise,arehomophones.,汉语歇后语英译（续）,皇甫讷扮伍子婿蒙混过关HuangfuNewasdressedupasWuZixutogetbyunderfalsepretences;likeHuangfuNedressedupasWuZixu,thepurposeistogetbyunderpretencesNote:XuYun,styledZixu,waswantedbythekingofChu.Forthisreason,thegeneralwasrunningawaytoanotherstatebutcouldnotmanagetogetbytheZhaoguanPass.ThenhisfriendsDonggaoGongthoughtoutawayforhimbyaskingHuangfuNetobedressedasWuZixuandtobecaughtbythesoldiersatthepasssothatWuZixucouldgetthroughthepassbytakingtheadvantageofthechaoticsituationHuangfuNesprotectiongaveriseto.,第三节汉语人名地名英译,练习15,练习1.1,Thestorycanbetracedbacktothetwobrothers,DukeNingandDukeRong,withDukeNingbeingtheelderandDukeRongbeingtheyounger.DukeNinghadfoursonsborn.UponDukeNingsdeath,hissonJiaDaihuasucceededhimontheofficialposition.JiaDaihuahadtwosons,JiaFu,theelder,andJiaJing,theyounger.JiaFudiedattheageofaround8or9andJiaJingsucceededhisfatherontheofficialpost.ItwasluckyforJiaJingtohaveasonearly,namedJiaZhen,andJiaZhenhasgotasoncalledJiaRong,just16yearsoldnow.,练习1.2,UponthedeathofDukeRong,JiaDaishan,theelderson,succeededhimontheofficialpostandmarriedMissShi,adaughterofMarsquisShiinJinling.Theyhadtwosons,withJiaShebeingtheelderandJiaZhengbeingtheyounger.JiaDaishandiedyearsagowhileLadyJia,theGranny,isstillenjoyingherhealth.LadyWang,JiaZhengswifefirstgavebirthtoason,namedJiaZhu.Shethengavebirthtoadaughter,unexpectedlyontheChineseNewYearsDay.Shethengavebirthtoanotherson,whomoresurprisinglyhadbroughtinthemouthtotheworldupinhisbirthacolorfulglitteringjadewithsomeinscriptionson.Andso,theynamedthesonBaoyu,meaningthepreciousjade.,练习1.3,Intheprocessofearthmaking,theSoutheastChinawassettingin,withthisaplacecalledGusuwasmade.TheCityofGusuhadagatecalledGateChang,aplacefamousfortalentsandbeauties,mostromanticthough.OutsideGateChang,therewasaplacecalledtheTenMileStreet,withRenqingPassagewaylocatedin.Inthatpassageway,therewasanancienttemplecalledtheGourdTemple.,练习2,SongJiang,theFidelityLuJunyi,theKylinWuYong,theWiseGongsunSheng,theDragoninCloudsGuanSheng,theBroadKnifeLinChong,theLeopardHeadQinMing,theThunderboltFireHuyanZhuo,theTwoWhipsHuaRong,thePresentDayLiGuang,练习2(continued),ChaiJin,theWhirlwindLiYing,theSky-ShootingVultureZhuTong,theBeautifulBeardLuZhishen,theMonkWuSong,theBuddhistMonkDongPing,theTwo-SpearGeneralZhangQing,theExcellentArrow-ShooterYangZhi,theGreen-FacedBeastXuNing,theGoldSpear,练习2(continued),SuoChao,thePioneerZaiZong,theFlyingTravelerLiuTang,theRed-HairedDevilLiKui,theBlackWhirlwindShiJin,theNineDragonMuHong,theUnobstructableLeiHeng,theWingedTigerLiJun,theRiverDragonRuanXiaoer,theMasterScoundrelZhangHeng,theBoatman,练习2(continued),RuanXiaowu,theShort-LivedSecondBrotherZhangShun,theWhiteBodyinWavesRuanXiaoqi,theLivingKingofHellYangXiong,theSickGuanSuoShiXiu,theExertingThirdBrotherXieZhen,theDouble-HeadedSnakeXieBao,theDouble-TailedGescoYanQing,theVagrant,练习3,ShenGang,theHeavenLiftingGodfromFuzhouPanWende,theChessPlayingGodfromShezhouYingMing,theEscapingGodfromMuzhouXuTong,theSix-DingGodfromMingzhouZhangJinren,theThunderboltGodfromYuezhouShenZe,theGiantDeityfromHangzhouZhaoYi,theMorningStarfromHuzhou,练习3(continued),GaoKeli,theMasterGodfromXuanzhouFanChou,theGuestSuspendingGodfromChangzhouZhuoWanli,theYellowStreamerGodfromRunzhouHeTong,theLeopard-TailedGodfromJiangzhouShenBian,theBad-LuckBringingGodfromSuzhou,练习4.1,ThestorygoestoZhangJiao,wholedarebelliousarmytoinvadeYouzhou.ThegovernorandconcurrentlythecommanderofthelocalforceswasLiuYan,anativeofJinglingofJiangxiaandadescendentofKingGongoftheKingdomLuoftheHanDynasty.,练习4.2,Runningoutofthecity,CaoCaohurrieddesperatelytoQiaojunbywayofZhongmouCounty,wherehewascapturedbythegarrisonforcesandbroughttothemagistrate.,练习4.3,ThestorygoestoGongsunZan,governorofBeipingandcommanderofthelocalforces,wholedanarmyof15thousandstojointhealliedforcesbywayofPingyuanCountyofDezhou.Ontheway,hesawfromthedistancethroughthemulberrywoodsayellowflagprogressingfollowedbyanewcavalrymen.,练习5.1,ThankstoPanGuscreationandthroughthereignsoftheThreeWiseKingsandFiveAugustEmperors,theworldisthendividedintofourcontinents:theDongshengContinentintheeast,theNiuheContinentinthewest,theZhanbuContinentinthesouthandtheJuluContinentinthenorth.ThepresentstoryisabouttheeventstheDongshengContinentwitnessed.OutsideChina,thereisalandcalledAolaiCountrybythesea,inwhichthereisafamousmountknownastheFlowerandFruitMount.Themount,fromwhich10continentsand3islandsweredescended,wascreatedwhentheprimevalatmosphereofnaturewasdividedintotheclearpartandtheconfusingpart.,练习5.1,Afterlookingforsometime,theStoneMonkeyjumpedoverthebridgeandlookedrightandleft,seeingastonetabletrightinfrontofhim,onwhichtherewasalineofcarvedcharacterswritteninthestandardform,whichread:“TheFlowerandFruitMount,aplaceoffortune;theWater-FallingCave,acaveofheaven.”,练习5.3,OutsidetheCityofChangan,bytheriverofJinghe,therelivedtwoworthies.OnewascalledZhangShao,afisherman;theotherwasknownasLiDing,awoodman,第四节汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译,1中共中央机构名称英译2全国政协机构名称英译,1中共中央机构名称英译,CentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CCCPC)CentralCommissionforDisciplineInspectionoftheCommunistPartyofChinaCentralMilitaryCommissionoftheCommunistPartyofChinaPoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina(PoliticalBureauofCCCPC)StandingCommitteeofthePoliticalBureauofCCCPCSecretariatoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina(SecretariatofCCCPC),1中共中央机构名称英译（续）,OrganizationDepartmentofCCCPC;PublicityDepartmentofCCCPC;UnitedFrontWorkDepartmentofCCCPC;InternationalLiaisonDepartmentofCCCPC;GeneralOfficeofCCCPCStateOrgansWorkCommitteeofCCCPC;WorkCommitteeforOfficesDirectlyUnderCCCPC;CommitteeofPoliticalandLegislativeAffairsofCCCPC;CommitteeforComprehensiveImprovementofSocialSecurityofCCCPC,1中共中央机构名称英译（续）,PartySchoolofCCCPC;HeadquartersofPeoplesDaily;PartyHistoryResearchCenterofCCCPC;PartyLiteratureResearchCenterofCCCPC;CompilationandTranslationBureauofCCCPC,1中共中央机构名称英译（续）,PolicyResearchOfficeofCCCPC;TaiwanAffairsOfficeofCCCPC;InternationalCommunicationOfficeofCCCPC;ForeignAffairsOfficeofCCCPC;SecretProtectionCommitteeofCPC;GuardsBureauofCPC,2全国政协机构名称英译,NationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeoplesPoliticalConsultativeConferenceStandingCommitteeoftheNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeoplesPoliticalConsultativeConferenceGeneralOfficeofCPPCCSpecialCommittees,全国政协机构名称英译（续）,CommitteeforHandlingProposalsCommitteeforEconomicAffairsCommitteeforPopulation,ResourcesandEnvironmentCommitteeforEducation,Science,Culture,HealthandSportsCommitteeforSocialandLegalAffairsCommitteeforEthnicandReligiousAffairsCommitteeforCulturalandHistoricalDataCommitteeforLiaisonwithHongKong,Macao,TaiwanandOverseasChineseCommitteeofForeignAffairs,第五节汉语带数字的词语英译,练习13,练习1,一枕黄粱aGoldMilletD