江苏专版2020版高考英语大二轮复习专题3阅读理解第二节推理判断题二观点态度题课件牛津译林版.pptx

,专题三阅读理解,真题感悟,名师点津,随堂限时练,第二节推理判断题,二、观点态度题,PART1,真题感悟,(2018浙江，C)Asculturalsymbolsgo，theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago，withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline(装配线)onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.,ModernAmericawasbornontheroad，behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture：theroadsidediner，thebillboard，themotel，eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury，thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmericangoingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel，theroadmovie，thesearethemosttypicalAmericanideas，bornofabundantpetrol，cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem，thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.,In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen，thissocietyhasmovedonward，neverlookingback，asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialpower.ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.,Theproblemsofexcessive(过度的)energyconsumption，climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst，buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign，buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater，cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”,语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。其主题是“人与社会”，介绍了美国经典的“汽车文化”，它对美国各方面的影响是巨大而深远的。汽车给美国人民带来便利的同时，也带来了很多问题，例如能源的过度消耗、气候变化以及污染等。素材的选择旨在向考生传递一种科学的世界观：看待事物一定要一分为二，分析利弊，趋利避害，利用事物好的方面为人类服务。,28.WhyishamburgermentionedinParagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericanslovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmericasroadsystem.,解析细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture.eventhehamburger.”可知，汽车塑造了某些最持久的美国文化，其中就包括汉堡。由此可知，汽车对于汉堡文化的形成，影响是非常大的。所以，在第二段中提及汉堡，就是为了表明汽车对于美国文化有相当大的影响。故选B项。,29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.,解析细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.”可知，驱动美国梦的汽车导致了全球性的生态灾难，即汽车的使用引起了环境问题。故选B项。,30.WhatisFriedmansattitudetowardsAmericasfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolerant.,解析观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。,PART2,名师点津,一、题型解读所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：1.Whatsthewritersattitudetowards.?2.Whatistheauthorsopinionon.?3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout.?,二、解题技巧“忠于措辞”定选项1.文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。(4)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。,2.要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：(1)表示支持或肯定的词语favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；approval赞成，正式批准；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。(2)表示反对或否定的词语critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval不赞成；impractical不实际的；radical激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。例如：【真题感悟】中第30题，根据最后一段第一句“Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。,PART3,随堂限时练,A(2019如皋市高三二模)Oursocietyisgenerallybecomingoneof6giantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall，well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages，Nell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic，andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts；yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless，thatheisboredwithit.Infact，theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.,Theworkerandemployeeareanxious，notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob，butalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinglife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthe1fundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.,Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsome10respects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob，theyaretestedfor2intelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofobedienceandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologists，forwhomtestingisabigbusiness，andbytheirsuperiors，whojudgetheirbehavior，sociability，capacitytogetalong，etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanonesfellowcompetitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress，theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.,AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism？Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialitiesthoseofallloveandofreasonaretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend，andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.,语篇解读本文为说明文。人们的工作和生活条件在逐渐变好，但人在社会中却变得无足轻重。雇员忧虑的不仅是失业，还因为他们无法获得生活的真正乐趣，生活在各种各样的忧虑与压力之中，才无幸福可言。因此作者建议将社会体系由一个以最大限度的生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体系过渡到一个以充分发挥人的潜能为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体系。,1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis.A.anecessarypartthoughthefunctionofeachisinsignificantB.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofsocietyC.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofsocietyD.anirreplaceablecomponentofsocietywhenworkingsmoothly,解析推理判断题。文章第一段指出，人成了社会大机器中微小的、润滑良好的齿轮，高工资和通风良好的厂房便是润滑油，但事实上人是无能为力的，蓝领工人和白领阶层都是毫无自主权的经济傀儡。由此推断，虽然工作生活条件不错，但人在社会中却是无足轻重的，故选C。,2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat.A.theyaremorelikelytolosetheirpresentworkB.theyhavenorealsatisfactionorinterestinlifeC.theyareconfrontedwiththefundamentalrealitiesD.theyaredeprivedofindividualityandindependence,解析推理判断题。文章第二段点明了工人和雇员忧虑的原因，分析上下文可知，其真正原因是情感与理智上独立的个体、富有创造性的人的生存状态被忽视，分析选项可知，A和B只是部分原因，不全面；C项与文章内容相悖。故选D项。,3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose.A.whoalwaysliveatthebottomofthesocietyB.whotendtobehigherupintheirsocialstatusC.whoprovebetterthantheirfellowcompetitorsD.whocoulddipfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld,解析推理判断题。由文章第二、三段可知，社会底层者、社会上层者和竞争中的胜利者都无法脱离充满竞争的生存环境，因而都生活在各种各样的忧虑与压力之中，所以都无幸福可言，只有远离这个充满竞争的社会的人才可能获得幸福，故选D。,4.Theauthorsattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof.A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.sensibility,解析观点态度题。文章最后一段提到，作者建议将社会体系由官僚主义下的产业体系过渡到人道主义的产业体系，由此可知，作者对现有产业体系的态度是不满的。dissatisfaction不满意。故选B。,B(2019南京高三三模)Babieshaveanastonishingtalentthatadultsentirelylose.Bytheageofone，theycanrecognisethe3significantnoisesaroundthemandgroupthemintoalanguage.11Whenwehavelostthis7capacityasadults，itbecomesenormouslydifficultto4distinguishbetweensoundsthatareglaringlydifferenttoanativespeaker.ItallsoundsGreektous.Thisisbecausetherangeofpossiblesoundsthathumansusetoconveymeaningmaybeashighas2,000，butfewlanguagesusemorethan100andeventhenthesignificantnoisesthephonemes(音素)ofalanguageeachcoverarangeofsoundsandsovague5distinctionswhichwouldchangethemeaningofawordinotherlanguages.,Butwheredothesephonemescomefromandwhydothey8shiftovertime？Newresearchsuggeststhattheapparentlyarbitrarydistributionofsomesoundsaroundtheworldmaybepartiallyexplainedbydiet.Thisisunexpected.Wedratherthinkoflanguageastheproductofourthought，ratherthanofthearrangementofourteeth.9Inreality，though，anygivenlanguagemustbeboth.,Huntergathererlanguagesseldomusethesoundsknownaslabiodentals(唇齿音)thosesuchasfandvthataremadebytouchingthelowerlipwiththeupperteeth.OnlytwoofthehundredsofAustralianaboriginallanguagesusethem，forexample.Butinculturesthathavediscoveredfarming，theseconsonants(辅音)aremuchmorecommon.Theargumentgoesthatfarmerseatmorecookedfoodandmoredairythanhuntergatherers.Eitherway，theyneedtochewmuchless，andtobitelesswiththeirfrontteeth.Sofarmersgrewupwithsmallerlowerjawsandmoreofanoverbitethantheirancestorswhohadtobitethroughharderfoods.Itbecameeasierforthemtomakethelabiodentalconsonantsinsteadofpurelylabial(唇音)ones：oneexampleisthatfcametotaketheplaceofp.Romanssaid“pater”butEnglishspeakers(unlesstheyreRees-Moggs)say“father”.,Beyondtheseparticularchanges，thestoryhighlightsthewayinwhicheverythingdistinctivelyhumanisbothmaterialandspiritual：speechmustcombinesoundandmeaning，andthemeaningcantexistorbetransmittedwithoutarealobject.Butneithercanitbereducedtothepurelyphysical，asourinabilitytounderstandoreventorecogniseforeignlanguagesmakesclear.Thefoodweeatshapesourjaws，andourjawsinturnshapethesoundsofourlanguage.Theeasewithwhichweeatprobablyshapesourthoughttoo，asanyonewhohassufferedtoothachecouldtestify.12Whatweeatmayhaveshapedthesoundsofourlanguage，buthowweeatchangeshowwefeelandwhatweuselanguagetoexpress.Afamilymealisverydifferentfromasandwichattheofficedesk，evenifthecalorieisthesame.FoodhaspurposesandmeaningsfarbeyondkeepingusaliveandpleasingthePalate(味觉).,语篇解读这是一篇说明文。主要叙述了人们一直以来认为语言是思想的产物，但是有新的研究表明饮食对于语言也会产生一些影响。且以f和v的发音为例，揭示了农民们发“f”和“v”音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。同时这也强调了人类特有的一切都是物质和精神的结合：语言必须把声音和意义结合起来，没有真实的物体，意义就不可能存在或传播。,5.Comparedwithadults，babiescouldmoreeasily.A.createsignificantnoisesB.classifytheformsofnoisesC.understandtheGreeklanguageD.distinguishmeaningfulsounds,解析细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Bytheageofone，theycanrecognizethesignificantnoisesaroundthemandgroupthemintoalanguage.”可知，一岁的婴儿和成人相比更能识别出周围的重要声音，故选D。,6.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingfactorshelpshapelanguage?A.Lipsandteeth.B.Jobsandhabits.C.Ageandregions.D.Foodandthinking.,解析细节理解题。根据第二段内容，尤其是其中的diet，productofthought和“Inreality，though，anygivenlanguagemustbeboth.”可知，食物和思想都有助于塑造语言。因此答案选择D。,7.Thereasonforfarmersmakingsoundsof“f”and“v”is.A.enjoyingmorecookedfoodsB.bitingmorewithfrontteethC.constantlychewingharderfoodsD.growingupwithlagerlowerjaws,解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Theargumentgoesthatfarmerseatmorecookedfoodandmoredairythanhuntergatherers.”可知，农民比狩猎采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品，即农民们发“f”和“v”音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。故选A。,8.Bywritingthispassage，theauthorintendstoreveal.A.jawshelpshapeourthoughtB.fooddeterminesourthoughtC.diethassomeinfluenceonlanguageD.languageconsistsofsoundandmeaning,解析观点态度题。根据第二段中的“Newresearchsuggeststhattheapparentlyarbitrarydistributionofsomesoundsaroundtheworldmaybepartiallyexplainedbydiet.”和文章最后的“FoodhaspurposesandmeaningsfarbeyondkeepingusaliveandpleasingthePalate(味觉).”可知，作者写这篇文章想要揭示的是：饮食对语言有一定的影响，故选C。,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,素材提炼再拓展,.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.Freshairisfundamentaltogoodhealth._2.Useyourintelligence，andyouaresuretoachievesomething._3.TheelevatorsroleinAmericanhistoryhasbeennolesssignificantthanthatofcars._4.Beforebirth，babiescandistinguishtheirmothersvoicefromthatofafemalestranger._5.Weshouldmakeadistinctionbetweenr