世界经济教学资料6.internationalinstitu

Internationalinstitutions,Introduction,BreakwiththeeconomicnationalismandisolationismafterWWIIintheUS75%-inthecountrysowncurrency;reviewedevery5years;IMFalargeholderofgoldreserves,ObjectivesoftheIMF,ConvertibilityTheexchangerateregimeBalanceofpaymentsadjustmentReserveassets(firstSDRsin1970)Internationalmanagement,ChangesintheroleoftheIMF,BreakdownoftheBrettonWoodssysteminearly1970sFixedexchangeratesfloatingofallmajorcurrenciesby1973asystemofmanagedflexibilityby1978Centralbanksresponsibleforthe3objectives,ReducedroleoftheIMF,Stillhadaroletoplayinrelationtoconvertibility,exchangerates-notattempttoinfluenceartificiallythevalueofexchangeratesinordertogainatradingadvantage,Lendingreserveassets,Loansintheformofthecurrenciessuppliedbyfinanciallystrongcountries(euro,dollar,sterlingG-20,Groupofseven,Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,Groupoftwenty,ArgentinaAustralia,BrazilCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIndiaIndonesiaItaly,JapanKoreaMexicoRussiaSaudiArabiaSouthAfricaTurkeyUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesEuropeanUnioneuroarea,ReformoftheIMF,Focusesofcriticismlendingpolicies;managementrole,StiglitzonreformoftheIMF,TodisclosethepovertyandunemploymentimpactofitsconditionalityrequirementTopaymoreattentiontoimprovingsafetynetsinvulnerablecountriesBailoutsreasonable?ResponsestofinancialcrisesinLDsandtransitioneconomiesneedtobeplacedwithinthesocialandpoliticalcontext,TheWashingtonconsensus,Theemphasisisonmarket-friendlyeconomicreform.FortheIMFthemostimportantaspectsofreformarestillgearedtostabilization,i.e.Fiscalandmonetaryausterity;Exchangerateliberalisation;Relaxationofcontrolsontrade;Relaxationofcontrolsoncapitalmovements,TheWorldBank,ThreeorganizationstheInternationalFinanceCorporation;theInternationalDevelopmentAgency(IDA);theInvestmentGuaranteeAgency,ObjectivesoftheWorldBank,Changedsubstantiallysinceitsfoundingtofinancepost-warreconstructionincontinentalEuropegrantingloanstoLDsItborrowsonworldmarketsandlendstoneedycountriesfordevelopmentpurposes.,ObjectivesoftheWorldBank,TheoreticaldifferenceoftheIMFIMFtheinstitutionwhichprovidesdevelopingandtransitionalcountrieswithshort-termfinancetotideoverbalanceofpaymentsproblems.,ObjectivesoftheWorldBank,Inpractice,veryblurreddistinctionmoveawayfromprovidingfinanceforspecificprojectsandtowardsstructuraladjustmentlendinginLDsandtransitioneconomiesconditionaloncertainpolicies,ObjectivesoftheWorldBank,Problemswiththeconditionsfailedtocomply;anegativeeffectonlong-termgrowth;postponemakingdifficultdecisions;ratesofreturn,performedworseThedebtproblem,Formsfordebtreliefinitiatives,DebtreductionDebtreliefDebtforgiveness,TheWBscomprehensivedevelopmentframework,RequirepartnershipLocalizationUrbanizationDevelopmentchallenges,principallypoverty,hunger,ill-health,lackofhousinganeedtofocusoncapability;seepeopleasbeneficiariesofdevelopment;policy-makersshouldbeculturallysensitive;highlighttheroleofwomen,TheUNandhumandevelopment,NewchallengestohumandevelopmentHIV/AIDS;cross-bordercrimes,suchasillegaldrugstradeandillegaltrafficking;adverseeffectsonincomes,employment,health,lifeexpectancyandschoolenrolmentratiosincentralandeasternEuropeandformerSovietUnion;veryfragiledemocracyinLDsknowledge;adecentstandardoflivingmeasuredbylifeexpectancy;educationalattainment(adultliteracy&s