美国文学整理到现实主义时期

Nathaniel hawthorn e :Romantic novel ist，short-story bined the American romantic ism with puritan moralism；a central figure in the American renaissance Mosses from an Old Manse (1846)(“young Goodman brown”和“rappaccinis daughter”)The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven Gables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun，(1860)Interrogating the innocenceStrong sense of sin and evil in life .Sin will get punished，and evil educates。Source of sin : original sin，conflict between body and soul。source of evil : overweening intellict，a part of humannaturethe seven commandments of the children of Noahidolatry-monotheism . adultery . murder . blasphemy，not to curse god。not to eat the live meat not to steal maintain courts to enforce these laws。7 heavenly virtuesfaith hope charity fortitude juice temperance prudenceHawthornes aestheticsFavor on romance ，instead of novel Contents : sensital material、such as poisoning、murder、adultery和crime。themes 3360 explore the human nature，deal with moral problems，study the effects of sin on man。purpose : to show the inner world of man is the source of evil in societythe tragic rise born of the fortunate fall，Fall rise innocence maturityThe Scarlet Lettertime : in the mid-1600s setting : puritan town of BostonCharacters:Roger chiring worth pearlthe victim of the adultery a symbol : the symbol of the violation of the social lawsa merciless avenger to Hester : the fruit of human love and passionthe worst sinner to dimmesale : the reminder of his sinsymbol of devil to chilling worth : the motiviation to take his revengePuritanism in The Scarlet Letterpuritan emphasis on the individual consince。hawthorn s attitude towards puritanismscolded the harshness of Puritans，yet took the puritanism as his living criteria。Purpose of The Scarlet Letter1.explore the source of evices :unreasonable and inhuman social systemMens inner world，defects in men s nature : strong desire，dishonesty，cowarice，revenge。2.explore the effect of sin on different characters :to brave Hester : gain moral reirth by redeeming hersin，win respect/love again。to coward dimmesale 3360 torment of consince，suffer in hell fire。to vicious and venge ful chilling worth : reduced to demon，deeriorated，malicious sinner3.导航ways of redeeming sin :Brave to confess and face itCorrect it through love、devotion、generosity and forgiveness。Hawthornes Style丰富的imaginationwell-woven structure；Psychological analysiseffective symbolism with delete imageries，ambiguity and mysterySymbolism in the novelchilling worth is cold and inhuman and thus brings a chill to Hester s and dimmesale s lives .“Prynne”rhymes with“sin”“dim mesale”suggests“dimness”-weakness、indeterminacy、lack of insight、and lack of will、all of which charness“pearl”evokes a biblical allegorical devicethe“pearl of great price”that is salvation。a token of shame“Adultery”at firstaa symbol of being alone and alienation“angel”、“able”、“admiration”Hester offers the genuine sympathy and help to her fellow villags赫尔曼梅尔维尔A master of allegory and symbolism1) early workstypee(1846): the man who lived among canibals Omoo(1847年)mardi(1849): the first three drew from his adventures among the people of the south Pacific islands；red burn(1849)is a semi-auto biography novel，based bed burn on his first voyage to England白色夹克(1850)relates his life on a United States man-of-war。莫比迪克(1851年)rater works 3360 pierre(1852)the confidentce man(1857)Billy Budd(1924)莫比-迪克is regarded as : * an encyclopedia of everything * the first American prose epicthe white whale pequod-a world in miniatrure* Melville s bleak view-“everyting nay”* one of the major themes-alienation，* ahab may have been Melville s portrait of an Emerson Ian self-relant individual-solipsism。亨利华德斯沃特朗格菲洛school-room poets or new England poets or fireside poets长gfellow，福尔摩斯，Lowell and Whittierfirst American to translate Dante alighieris the divine comedyPoet and educator保罗reveres ride：The Song of Hiawatha埃文加里翁。长gfellow holds the distinction of being the first American poet？-嗯？-嗯？-嗯？-嗯？poetry 3360 voices of the night(1839)evangeline(1847)the song of hiawata(1855)a psalm of life my lost youth the slave s dream hiawatha s fasting* his writigs belong to the miller aspects of the romantic movement，and he was strongly influenced by the german romantic lyriss。* he wrote about American subjects，but always in europen styles。* his works are highly spiritual . he emphasized the mysteries of birth，death，and love . most of his works are simple and easily read so that* if his worst fault is that-he made poetry seem so easy to write that any one could do it，his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem works* he was the first American poet to be honored by his busst placed in the poets comer of western Abby。this indicates that his poetry has been highly apprecated in Britain。(请参阅A Psalm of Life稽核)P4 the literature of realism1.how to define the realistic period in American literary history？the period ranging f