专升本英语资料3.名词+冠词

大学英语辅导3,2011.12,名词,名词的分类：,名词,专有名词,普通名词,个体名词（student,pen.)集体名词（family,team,crowd.)物质名词(meat,water,cotton.)抽象名词(beauty,life,importance.),可数,不可数,专有名词:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYearsDay,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,普通名词：专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词,个体名词IndividualNouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物:aunts;apanda;apartments,也可指抽象东西:ayear;fairytales;adream,集体名词:表示由个体组成的集体。,army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Hisfamilyisntlarge.,Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.,OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Thepolicearelookingforhim.,物质名词:指无法分为个体的东西。,beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(两份）,Threebeers,please.(三杯）,Itwasaspecialtea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,rains（雨季）snows(积雪）waters(海域)（seenotepaper),抽象名词:表示一些抽象的概念。,education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,HeslearningFrenchforfun.,Iwishyougoodluck.,有时也可以加冠词。,Heworkshardforthewelfareofthepoor.,Afterabriefpeace,warbrokeoutagain.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜币板)atin(罐头，听头)apaper(报纸，证件，论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人，美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),名词复数,情况,变法,例词,一般情况,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音y结尾的词,以辅音+o结尾的词,以f或fe结尾的词,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多数加-es,把f/fe改成ves,brothers;schools,buses;watches;dishes,ladies;countries;,heroes;tomatoes,halves;leaves;,Notes:,*stomach,stomachs,*以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Germanys;Henrys,*以元音+ovideos;studios以oo结尾zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)pianos一些缩写词kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词Eskimos;Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs,不规则复数：,1.man,men,womanwomen;chairman-chairmen,2.oo,ee,foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese,3.+en,child-children;ox-oxen,4.ouse,ice,mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crises,criterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media,单复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-sfilm-goers;forget-me-nots2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：womendoctors;mencooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,通常用于复数形式的词,scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;overalls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行为；writings作品；findings调查结果,表示名词的所有关系，翻译为“的”,名词所有格,用在有生命的名词后,表示时间、距离等的名词所有格,todayswork今天的工作twoweeksholiday两星期的假期tenminuteswalk走路十分钟的路程,表示“某人的家”或“某种店铺、诊所等等”,tomyaunts去舅妈家atthedoctors在诊所,表示无生命事物的名词所有格,amapoftheworldthewindowsoftheroom,AofB：“B的A”,名词双重所有格,afriendofmyfathersapictureofmine,名词+of+所有格/名词性物主代词,例1下列几组复数名词中，每组都有一个错词，请指出：,1A.ChineseB.FrenchmenC.EnglishmenD.Germen,2.A.tomatoesB.photosC.radioesD.potatoes,3.A.desksB.AmericansC.friendsD.breads,4.A.storiesB.familiesC.playsD.keies,5.A.leavesB.knivesC.roovesD.shelves,6.A.clothesB.monthesC.mouthsD.fifths,用括号中所给词的适当形式填空：,1Thetwogirlsare(Japan).,2.The(baby)areasleep.,3.Doyouknowthetwo(manteacher)?,4.The(child)arewashingtheir(foot).,5.Therearetwo(people)andlotsof(sheep)inthefields.,6.September10is(teacher)Day.,7.Ithinkphysics(be)moreinterestingthanmaths.,8.Dontyouthinkthe(radio)aretoonoisy?,9.Whose(knife)arethese?,10.“Whosehouseisthis?”“Itsthe(Smith)”.,Japanese,babies,sheep,people,children,feet,menteachers,Teachers,is,radios,knives,Smiths,1.Therich_notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.haveD.has2.InBritain,_areallpaintedred.A.letterboxesB.lettersboxesC.letterboxD.lettersbox3.Therearefour_andtwo_inthegroup.A.Japanese，GermenB.Japaneses，GermenC.Japanese，GermanD.Japanese，Germans4.ShewasborninWuhan,butBeijinghasbecomehersecond_.A.homeB.familyC.houseD.country5.Motherbroughtme_.A.agoodnewsB.apieceofnewsC.manygoodnewsD.twonews,训练,A,A,D,A,B,6.March8this_Day.A.WomansB.WomensC.WomansD.Women7.Wecandotheworkbetterwith_moneyand_people.A.less,fewerB.fewer,lessC.little,littleD.few,few8.Therearethree_inourclass.A.ZhousB.ZhousC.ZhousD.Zhouss9.Itsaboutten_walk.A.minutesB.minutesC.minuteD.minutes10.Thisroomis_.A.BillandDavidsB.BillsandDavidsC.BillsandDavidsD.BillandDavid,训练,(B),(A),(B),(B),(A),11.Beijingisoneofthemostbeautiful_inChina.A.cityB.citiesC.citysD.thecities12.Wouldyoulike_?A.somemoremeatB.anymoremeatC.manymoremeatD.moremuchmeat13.WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?Idliketwo_.A.bottleofmilkB.bottlesofmilksC.bottlesofmilkD.bottleofmilks14.Tomscarismorebeautifulthan_.A.hisbrothersandsisterB.hisbrotherandsisterC.hisbrothersandsistersD.hisbrothersandsisters15.“NightingalPrize”isfor_.A.workersB.scientistsC.doctorsD.nurses,训练,B,A,C,D,D,冠词,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,aan,the,零冠词,什么时候使用冠词？,单数可数名词前一定要用冠词。复数可数名词、不可数名词两可，意义有别。固定搭配或名词新意,a(n)作用,泛指单一、每一、任一指类别,the作用,特指：上文提到过的事物被修饰语限定的说话双方所默认的世界上独一无二的指类别,零冠词作用,泛指的一些事物指类别,使用不定冠词的特殊情况,（1）用于抽象名词前：agoodunderstandingof;apopulationof;ahistoryof;acollectionof;anareaof;adistanceof,alengthof（2）用于形容词修饰的“一日三餐”前：alightbreakfast;abigdinner;aquicklunch（3）在有或没有形容词修饰的季节、日期前，泛指：TheaccidenthappenedonaSundayinJuly.ItwasaverycoldApril.（4）指不具体的任何物：AMr.calledyoujustnow.,（5）相当于per“每一”的意思：Hisincomeisonethousandyuanamonth.(6)用于有good/greatmany修饰的名词复数前：HevisitedtheGreatWallagoodmanytimes.(7)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前：Readingisameansoflearning.(8)用于与动词同型的名词前：Letshaveawalkandatalkatthesametime.(9)在and连接的两个名词前，用一个a(n)和用两个意义不同：Hewenttoseeateacherand(a)writer.(10)与of连用，表示“同一的”、“相同的”：ofakind同一种;ofanage同岁；ofasize大小相同(11)在固定词组中：,afew,alittle,alotof,abitinahurry,inawordhaveagoodtimedosb.afavorasarulehaveawordwithsb.makealivingtakeabathhaveacold(fever,headache)manyastudent,使用定冠词the的特殊情况,（1）世界上独一无二的天体、河流、海洋、湖泊、山川等与地理知识有关的名词前使用the:Asweknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.ThePacificOceanisthelargestintheworld.(2)发明的事物名称前或或濒临灭绝的动物单数名词前Bellisgenerallyconsideredtohaveinventedthetelephone.Thetigerisindangerofdyingout.(3)在介词by后表示“由来计算”之意：InEnglandclothissoldbytheyardinsteadofbythemetre.Cleaningwomengetpaidbythehour.,(4)在比较级中，强调两者之间的比较且作主语、定语时Theolderofthetwobrothersismydeskmate.Whichisthebiggercountry,CanadaorChina?(5)表示某个国家的形容词前加the则表示该国人：theChinese;theFrench;theIrish;theDutch(6)某些形容词前加定冠词the表示一类人：thehomeless;theyoung;thepoor;theblind;theold,(7)在形容词最高级、序数词、only、same、very前面Whopickedthemostapples?ThisistheverythingIamlookingfor?Itmustbetheonlywaytosaveher.(8)在多数的饭店、电影院、博物馆、美术馆等的名称前：theHiltonHotel;thePalaceMuseum;thePentagon(9)在含有普通名词的专有名词前，机关、团体、党派、国家等：theUnitedKingdom;thePhilippines;theU.S.(10)在乐器名称前用定冠词the:Sheplaysthepiano/violinverywell.,(11)在姓氏的复数形式前加the表示“一家人”：theBlacks;theLis;theBushes(12)在某些大家都熟悉的事物名称前：Thewindisblowingstrongly.Theyaretalkingabouttheweather.Iliketogototheseasideorgotothecinema.(13)在固定搭配的短语中：intheend;cometothepoint;onthecontrary;inthemorning;inthedistance;ontheair;outofthequestion;inthemiddleof;ontheotherhand;,不用冠词（即零冠词）的情况,(1)三餐、球类运动和娱乐名词前一般不用冠词：Whatdoyouhaveforbreakfast?playfootball/basketball/chess/cards(2)节日、星期、月份、日期和季节前一般不用冠词。如用，则表示特指：LetsgototheparkonSunday.SheisleavingonJuly3.NewYearsDay;FathersDay(3)在学科、语言、称呼及大部分疾病名称前：Ithinkmathismoredifficultthanphysics.Hediedofcancer.,(4)表示“头衔”的名词用作宾语补足语和主语补足语时Weelectedhimmonitorofus.(5)在turn,go（当“变成”解）后的名词用作表语时，不带冠词：Hewasaworkerbeforeheturnedwriter.Hehasgonesocialist.(6)在as,though倒装分句中，名词不用冠词：ChildasTomis,youcantfoolhim.(7)在某些独立（主格）结构中的名词前：Hesatinachair,pipeinmouth.Bookinhand,Ienteredtheroom.,(8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省略冠词：Theearthturnsfrom(the)eastto(the)west.When()fatherand()sonappeared,weallgouptogreetthem.(9)在一些含有两个并列名词的短语中：dayafterday;stepbystep;withknifeandfork;fromheadtofoot;shouldertoshoulder;arminarm(10)在by短语中表示方式时：bybike=onabike;byplane;bycar;bytelephone(11)在纯专有名词前：(洲名、城市、街道、港口、机场、车站、公园等的名称）Asia;Mary;BeihaiPark;BeijingUniversity;,(12)在固定短语中：atnight;athome;atfirst;gotochurch;inprison;indanger;onboard;onpurpose;inspace;inhistory;innature;insociety,1.Thebookonthedeskis_usefulone.A.anB.aC.