新视野大学英语第三版第二册第六单元ection A

FOREIGHLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSAIRFORCEENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY,Lessismore,6,UNIT,SectionA,2,Objectives,Lessismore?,Doorcloser,areyou?,Doorcloser,areyou?,Doorcloser,areyou?,1.Asfaraschoicesinourdailylifeareconcerned,haveyoueverbeentroubledwithsuchdilemma:tokeepallortogiveupsome?,Justasallpeoplehavetomakedecisionsintheireverydaylives,collegestudentsarealwaysfacedwiththedilemmaofmakingrightchoices.Facedwithanabundanceofoptionstochoosefrom,theycantbearthepaintoloseanyopportunityandhaveastrongdesiretokeepalltheoptionsopen.Theytrytoavoidsuchanemotionalloss,andwouldratherpaythehighcosttokeepallthedoorsofopportunityopen.,2.Whatistheproperwaytodealwiththisdilemma?Ismorealwaysbetterthanless?,Evidencesshowthatpeoplefeellesshappyandmoredepressedwhengivenanoverabundanceofchoice.Thetendencytokeepallourdoorsofchoicesopenmighthavedamagedourlife,andwecangetgreaterpleasureandmoresatisfactionbyfocusingourenergyandattentiononfeweroptionsandthings.Moreisnotnecessarilybetterinlife.Weshouldclosesomedoorsinordertoallowfortherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.,Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.,1()Accordingtothespeaker,howcanpeoplebehaveinarationalway?2()Whataretheconsequencesofpeoplesirrationalbehavior?3()WhathasMITProfessorArielydiscovered?4()Whatistheexampleinthetalkregardingirrationalbehavior?5()Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthisirrationalbehavior?,Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.,APeopletendtobehaveirrationallyinapredictablefashion.BPeopleshouldactaccordingtologicandreasonrequiredinasituation.CItcausesproblemstothemselvesaswellastoothers.DHedoesntthinkthisirrationalbehaviorisalwaysintentional.EIfapersonknowssomeonesuffersfromadisease,hewillfeelhesuffersfromthesamedisease.,Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.,1()Accordingtothespeaker,howcanpeoplebehaveinarationalway?2()Whataretheconsequencesofpeoplesirrationalbehavior?3()WhathasMITProfessorArielydiscovered?4()Whatistheexampleinthetalkregardingirrationalbehavior?5()Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthisirrationalbehavior?,B,C,A,E,D,1.Inyouropinion,whatisanirrationalbehavior?Givesomeexamples.,Itisanactionoropinionbasedoninadequateuseofreasonandlogic:Onceapriceisestablishedintheirminds,theywillcompareothersimilaritemswiththispriceBuyproductstheydontneedjustbecausetheygetsomethingforfreeinthetransaction.Dosomethingjustbecausesomeotherpeoplearedoingthesamething.,Task2:Listentothetalkagainandanswerthetwoquestions,2.Whatdoyouthinkmaycausepeoplesirrationalbehavior?,IgnorancePeoplecanbetotallyunawareofasituationbeforeformingtheirownviewsandjudgments.EmotionsPeopletakeoffenseorgetangrybeforethesituationactuallyoccurs.StressItcreatesfeelingofanger,irritationandfrustration.BlindbeliefsTheyaretooconsciousaboutsocietyanditsreactionstothem.,Task2:Listentothetalkagainandanswerthetwoquestions,Sometimestwothingsaretobedoneatthesametime,both_yourattention.youcanonlytakeuponeofthem,theotherhastowaitorbegivenup.Butyouknowthefutureis_thechangedsituationmaynotallowyoutodowhatisleftbehind.Thusyouarecaughtinafixandfeelsad.Howcomethatniceopportunitiesand_shouldgatheraroundallatonce.,Listentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.,deserving,unpredictable,Tobecontinued,brilliantideas,Itmayhappenthatyourlifechanges_onyourpreferenceofonealternativetotheother.Infactthatiswhatlifeislike:weareoftenfacedwiththetwooppositeaspectsofathingwhichareboth_likenewspapercutting.Itoftenoccursthatourattentionisdrawntoonethingonlyafterweare_another.,dramatically,desirable,Tobecontinued,engagedin,Listentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.,Theformerandthelattergiverisetoadividedmind.Istillrememberaphilosophers_Whenonedoorshuts,anotheropensinlife.Soa_orpassivechoicemaynotbeabadone.Whateverwedoinourlifetime,whereverlifestorm_us,theremustbesomethingwecanachieve,remarks,casual,Tobecontinued,tosses,Listentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.,someshorewecanland,whichopensupnewvistastous.DontforgetGodalwayskeepsan_openforeveryone.Whilethefrontdoorisclosed,theremustbeanotheropenforyou.,alternativedoor,Listentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.,DanAriely,Americaneconomistandpsychologist,wroteabookin2008entitledPredictablyIrrational(可预见的非理性):TheHiddenForcesThatShapeOurDecisions.Inthebookhechallengesreadersassumptionsaboutmakingdecisionsbasedonrationalthought.Heexplains,“Mygoal,istohelpyoufundamentallyrethinkwhatmakesyouandthepeoplearoundyoutick.”,1.WhatdoyouknowaboutDanAriely?,XiangYuwasaprominentmilitaryleaderandpoliticalfigureduringthelateQinDynasty.Inabout207BC,XiangYuledtheChurebelforcestovictoryattheBattleofJulu(巨鹿之战)againsttheQinarmies.ThebattlemarkedthedeclineofQinsmilitarypower.TheyfinallybeattheQinarmy.TheBattleofJuluwasofcrucialimportanceinoverthrowingtheQindynasty,andithasbeenknownasthebattleof“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟).,2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutXiangYuandtheBattleofJulu?,Doorcloser,areyou?,rivaloptions,WhydidGeneralXiangYuorderhistroopstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingshipswhencrossingtheZhangRiver?(Para.3),Tips,toimposeonhistroopsanecessarysacrificetoachievevictoryovertheiropponents.,toinspirethesoldiersbemoredeterminedandconcentratedonthebattles.,PartIintroducesastoryofclosingdoorstoopen_aboutXiangYu.Facingchoicesofrivaloptions,hemadeanunusualdecision-orderinghistroopstocrushcookingpotsandburntheirsailingships.Bydoingthis,heclosedthedoorforretreatingfromtheenemysterritorybutopenedthewindowfor_.,PartI(Paras.1-_),3,windowsofopportunity,winningthebattle,AccordingtoDr.Arielysbook,PredictablyIrrational,whatmightbeaweaknessofhumanbeings?(Para.4),Hisexperimentshowsthatpeoplejustcouldntbeartoseetheiroptionsvanishthoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemtoletgo.,PartIservesasatransitionfromtheancientstoryofXiangYutothe_ofthestudentsatMIT.Throughconductinganexperimentonhumans_,Dr.Arielyfoundthatpeoplejustcouldntbeartoseetheiroptionsvanishthoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemtoletgo.,PartII(Para.4),modernstory,irrationalbehavior,Whatsthesignificanceofdoingtheexperiments?(Para.5),Whatsthewinningstrategywhenplayingthecomputergame?(Para.6),Howdidstudentslossmoneybecauseoftheirirrationaleffortstokeepthevanishingdoorsopen?(Para.7),Whyarethecorrespondingcostsoftenlessobviousinlifethanintheexperiments?(Paras.8-9),PartIIImainlyfocusesontheexperimentconductedbyDr.Ariely.Hefirstexplainsthe_oftheexperiment,andtheprocessofthestudents_.Thenhepointsouttherealcauseofthestudents_.Finallyheemphasizesthatinlifethedoorsareactuallyclosingslowlyandwedontseethefuture_.,PartIII(Paras.5-_),9,purposeandsignificance,losingmoney,irrationalbehavior,vanishingaway,Inthetext,whatdoesDr.Arielysuggestinordertobalanceourlife?(Paras.10-12),PartIV(Paras.10-12),PartIVsuggestshowwecanbalanceourlivesbyreducing_.suchasprohibitionofoverbooking,tryingtolessentheload,rememberingthelessonsof_likeXiangYu,andkeepingthoseactivities_.,unnecessaryoptions,doorclosers,enrichingourlives,Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstosendoutfromthistext?(Paras.13-14),PartV(Paras.13-14),PartIIIconcludestheessay,andmeanwhileitraisesthequestionif_.Weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.,moreisbetterthanless,ThestoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunityaboutXiangYuservesasagoodexampleillustratingthepointthatwhenweclosedoors,weopenwindowsofopportunity.TheexperimentconductedbyDr.Arielyalsoprovesthatinlife,weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.,MainIdeaoftheText,Whenfacingchoicesofrivaloptions,thinkaboutwhatXiangYuwoulddo.(Para.1),XiangYuorderedhistroopscookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburnedaftertakinghistroopsacrossarivertoraidtheenemy.(Para.2),XiangYuexplainedthathisdecisionwasanecessitytoattainthevictory.Buthisunusualdecisionwouldbevalidatedonhisbattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.(Para.3),IntroductiontoXiangYusstoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunity,ThisexamplefromancienttimesleadstotheexperimentatMITwhereDr.Arielyteachesbehavioraleconomics.Theexperimentshowedthatstudentscouldntbeartoseetheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfromdoingso.(Para.4),Transitionalparagraph,IntroductiontoXiangYusstoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunity,IntroductiontoXiangYusstory,Transitionalparagraph,Body:theexperimentbyDr.Ariely,Body:theexperimentbyDr.Ariely,Itsanexperimentaboutcomputergamewhicheliminatedtheexcusesforlettinggo.(Para.5),Theruleofthegamewasthemoremoneytheyearned,thebetterplayertheywere.(Para.6),howtheylostmoneybecauseoftheirrationaleffortstokeepthevanishingdoorsopen.(Para.7),Dr.Arielypointsouttherealcauseofthestudentsirrationalbehavior.(Paras.8-9),IntroductiontoXiangYusstory,Transition,Dr.Arielyssuggestions,Body:theexperimentbyDr.Ariely,Implementmoreprohibitionsonoverbookingandreduceoptionsonourown.(Para.10)ReducetheloadandrememberthelessonsofdoorcloserslikeXiangYu.(Para.11)Onlykeepthechoicesthatactuallyenrichourlives.(Para.12),IntroductiontoXiangYusstory,Transition,Dr.Arielyssuggestions,Body:theexperimentbyDr.Ariely,conclusion,Weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.(Paras.13-14),Doorcloser,areyou?Whenfacedwith_options,XiangYuprovedtoawonderfuldecision-maker.Hetookhistroopsmakinga_intoenemyterritory.Tohistroops_,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned,whichgavehistroopsonlyone_:towinthebattle.Thebattleturnedouttobeagreatsuccessonhisside.,Tobecontinued,rival,raid,astonishment,option,Thisstoryindicatesthatwhileclosingthedoorfordoingsomething,peoplemayopenthe_forachievingsomethingmoresignificant.Throughconductinganexperimentonhumans_behavior,Dr.Ariely,foundthatmanystudentsinhisexperimentjustcouldntbeartoseetheiroptions_thoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemto_.Hethenemphasizesthatinlifethedoorsareactuallyclosingslowlyandwedontseethefuturevanishingaway.,Tobecontinued,window,irrational,vanish,letgo,Tosolvethisproblem,peoplecanbalancetheirlivesbyreducing_optionsontheirownandkeepingthoseactivitiesthatwillactuallyenrichtheirlives.Toconclude,weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsof_toopen.,opportunityandhappiness,unnecessary,将强加于,(generationgap/makethingsworse),Tobridgethegenerationgap,parentsshouldneverimposetheirpersonalviewsontheirchildren,whichmaymakethingsevenworse.,imposesth.onsb.,短语逆译,短语应用,为了消除代沟，父母不应该将自己的观点强加给孩子，这样会使事情更糟。,意群提示,被特写；在中专题介绍,(heroicdeed/enlightenpeople),Hisheroicdeedwasfeaturedinthefirstpageofyesterdaysnewspaper,whichenlightenedmanypeople.,befeaturedin,短语逆译,短语应用,他的英雄事迹在昨天的报纸头版专题介绍，让很多人受到了启发。,意群提示,喜欢（依恋）某物或某人,(frombetweenherlips),Thebirdgotsoattachedtoherthatitwouldtakefoodfrombetweenherlips.,beattachedtosth./sb.,短语逆译,短语应用,鸟是如此依恋她，以致于它会从她的双唇间获取实物。,意群提示,围绕；以为主题,(takeitforgrantedthat),Somepeopleareveryselfishandtakeitforgrantedthatthewholeworldrevolvesaroundthem.,revolvearound,短语逆译,短语应用,一些人很自私，想当然地认为整个世界都以他们为中心。,意群提示,花很大代价,(payanevenbiggerprice),XiangYupaidabigpricewhenheburnedhisships,buthecouldhavepaidanevenbiggerpriceifallofhismenhaddiedinthebattle.,payabigprice,短语逆译,短语应用,当项羽烧毁他的船只时，他付出了巨大的代价；但如果他的士兵都死在战斗中，他可能会付出更大的代价。,意群提示,派上用场,(turnadeafearto/startyourownbusiness),Dontturnadeafeartohisadvice,forwhathesaidmaycomeinhandysomedaywhenyoustartyourownbusiness.,comeinhandy,短语逆译,短语应用,对他的建议，不要置若罔闻，将来某一天当你自己经营时，也许会派上用场。,意群提示,用某事来衡量,(loseyourself-confidence/wisdom),Neverloseyourself-confidence.Therealpowerapersonisnotmeasuredinhissizebutinhiswisdom.,短语逆译,短语应用,永远不要丧失信心。一个人真正的强大不是用他的身体而是他的智慧来衡量。,意群提示,bemeasuredinsth.,下次你要在两个难于取舍的、主要的和次要的选择之间做决定时，不妨问自己这样一个问题：项羽会怎么做？,原句译文,逆译练习,Thenexttimeyouredecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:WhatwouldXiangYudo?（Line1,Para.1）,句型提炼,Thenexttimesb.isdoingsth,askoneselfthequestion:,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“某种情景下某人应该反思”。,句型应用,(complainabout/inreturn),典型例句,下次你要在抱怨他人，认为他们对你不友好时，不妨问自己这样一个问题：你平常对他们如何？,群提示,Thenexttimeyouarecomplainingaboutothers,whoseemtobeunfriendlytoyou,askyourselfthequestion:Howdoyouoftentreattheminreturn?,对墨守陈规的人来说，项羽将军是一个罕见的异于常人的人，他是一位资深的首领，由于他征战无数并达到了成功的顶峰，他深受尊敬。,原句译文,逆译练习,GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhissomanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.（Line5,Para.3）,句型提炼,Sb.orsth.isarareexceptiontosb.else,who/that,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“某人或某物与众不同”。,句型应用,(innovativeleader/thinkcritically),典型例句,对很多普通人来说，乔布斯是一个罕见的异于常人的人，他是一位创新型的领导。他不仅能够批判性思维，而且努力探索新领域。,意群提示,Jobswasarareexceptiontomanyordinarypeople,aninnovativeleaderwhowasthinkingcriticallyandwhoendeavoredtoexplorenewareas.,他们可能会争辩说，他们抓住这些门是为将来多留一些机会。但是，据阿雷利博士说，这不是真正的原因。,原句译文,逆译练习,Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingtoDr.Ariely,thatisntthetruefactor.（Line6,Para.7）,句型提炼,Sb.wouldprobablyprotestthat,butaccordingtosb.else,thatisntthetruefactor.,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“对某种观点或分析的否定”。,句型应用,(corporalpunishment/forthesakeof),典型例句,他们可能会争辩说，学校体罚孩子是为他们将来的成长。但是，据调查组说，这不是真正的原因。,意群提示,Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheypracticedcorporalpunishmentatschoolsforthesakeofthechildrensfuturegrowth,but,accordingtoinvestigationgroup,thatisntthetruefactor.,Bothconsequencesaresurprising.Bothhavetodowithstrategies.Bothfocusonhumansmentality.,1.InwhatwayisGeneralXiangYusordersimilartoDr.Arielysexperiments?,Afraidoflosingpotentialopportunities.Toogreedyandtooambitious.Overconfidentabouttheirrealcapacity.Morechoices,betterchances.,2.Inreality,whyarepeoplereluctanttoseetheiroptionsvanish?,Moreoptions,lessfocusedconcentration.Morechoices,worsequality.Everythinghastwosides.Toomuchgreedendsupwithnothing.,3.HowdoyouunderstandtheEnglishsaying“Lessismore”?,Tips,Q2:Whatmessagedoyougetfromthislistening?,Tips,Youshouldkeepaclearmindandlearntobethankfulforandappreciativeofwhatyouhaveandwhereyouareonyourpathrightnow.Bylearningthelessonsofgratitudeandabundance,youcanbringyourselfclosertotheenjoymentofyourliferightnow.,Q1:Whatshouldyoudowhenyouhavearrived“there”butstillfeeldissatisfied?,Weshouldhavetheconsciousnessofappreciatingforallthatwehaverightnow,sothatwemaylivemorejoyouslyinourpresentmoment.,Q2:Whatmessagedoyougetfromthislistening?,Trueabundancecomesnotfromamassing,butratherfromappreciating.,Acontentedmindisthegreatestblessingamancanenjoyintheworld.,Tellthestory“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟)toyourclassmatesanddiscussitsmessage.,InthelateyearsoftheQinDynasty(秦朝,221-206BC),XiangYu(项羽)launchedarebellion.AftercrossingtheZhangRiver(漳河),XiangYuorderedhissoldierstosinkalltheboatsandbreaktheircookingpots,leavingonlyathree-daysupplyoffoodforeachsoldier.Hewarnedthemthattherewasnowaytoretreat;theonlythingtheycoulddotosurvivewastoadvanceandfight.XiangYusboatburningstrategygavehismennochoicebuttogoforwardtofightwithskillandpassion.Afterninefuriouswar,theQinarmywasfinallydefeated.,Tellthestory“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟)toyourclassmatesanddiscussitsmessage.,Inthedesperatecondition,XiangYugavehistroopsonlyoneoption:towinthebattleratherthandieinthebattle.,Thehighlevelofintelligenceinhisstrongbeliefwouldprovetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialscienceresearch.,Weshouldlearntothinklogicallyandmakerationaldecisionswhenfacingpainfulchoicesinourlife.,Doorcloser,areyou?,Howtowriteacause-and-effectessayWhenweanalyzecauses,weareattemptingtounderstandtherelationshipofeventsthatbroughtaboutanoutcome.Similarly,whenanalyzingeffects,weconsidertheresultsofsomething.Whenaproblemarises,westarttoexaminethecausesforit.Likewise,wetrytoanalyzeresultsoreffectscausedbysomething.,tobecontinued,Whenanalyzingacause-and-effectsituation,studentsneedtoaskthefollowingquestions:,tobecontinued,1.Whatarethecauses?Whataretheeffects?,2Whichshouldbeemphasized:thecausesortheeffects?,3.Aretheremultiplecausesormultipleeffects?,Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessayStatebrieflythecausesoreffectstobediscussedinthethesisstatement.Forexample:Causes:Lackofknowledge,over-confidence,andpoorjudgmentarethemainreasonswhypeopleoftenlosegoodopportunities.Effects:Toavoidtheemotionoflosscouldresultintheselectionofwrongchoices,wasteoftime,andlossofopportunities.,tobecontinued,Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay2.Plantouseoneparagraphtodescribeeachofthecausesoreffects.Eachparagraphwouldhavetoprovideanexplanationofthecauseofeffect.,tobecontinued,3.Usetheorderofimportancetoorganizeallthesupportingdetails.Tomakethemostimportantpoint(causeoreffect)standoutorimpressive,theessaymaystartwiththeleastimportantpointandendwiththemostimportantone.,Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay4.Introducecausesandeffectsusingappropriatetransitionstoachievecoherence.Thefollowingonesareverycommon:Causes:becauseof,asaresultof,causedby,resultfrom,thereasonisthat,for,dueto,sinceEffects:cause,resultin,thus,therefore,consequently,asaresult,tobecontinued,Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay5.Concludetheessaybysummarizingthecausesoreffects.Giveabriefsummaryofthecausesoreffectsinyourconclusion,followedbyyourfinalevaluationorcomments,whetherpositiveornegative.Theycanbeanopinion,aprediction,awarning,asuggestion,oranappeal.,tobecontinued,Now,letstakealookatsuchananalysisofParagraph7inTextA.,tobecontinued,Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:Anydoorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishingdoors,yettheyrushedtoclickonthelesserdoorsbeforetheyvanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.Asaresult,theylostmoneyintheend.,cause,Analysisofthetext,Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureop