资晶--Adaptation--theoryPPT课件

.,1,Adaptationtheory,顺应论,.,2,Content,1.Introduction2.Linguisticchoicesmaking3.Threekeynotionsoflanguageuse4.Fouranglesofadaptation5.Adaptabilityandadaptation,.,3,1.Introduction,VerschuerensAdaptationTheoryappearedasacompleteandmaturetheoryin1999whenhisbookUnderstandingPragmaticswaspublished.Comparedwithtraditionalviewsonpragmatics,Verschuerendetachespragmaticsfromthetraditionallinguisticbranches,regardslanguageuseastheobjectofpragmatics.Onhisapproach,“pragmaticsdoesnotconstituteanadditionalcomponentofatheoryoflanguage,butitoffersadifferentperspective”(Verschueren,2000:2).Hedefinespragmaticsas“ageneralcognitive,socialandculturalperspectiveonlinguisticphenomenoninrelationtotheirusageinformsofbehavior(ibid:7).Hetakespragmaticsasafunctionalperspective,insteadoftakingitasonebranchoflinguisticsalongasidewithphonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics.,.,4,AccordingtoVerschuerenpragmaticsisageneralcognitive,socialandculturalperspectiveonlinguisticphenomenainrelationtotheirusageinformsofbehavior.OnthisbasisheproposesAdaptationTheory,whichclaimsthatlanguageuseistheprocessofmakingchoicebyadaptingtocontextandlinguisticstructureinadynamicwayatvariouslevelsofsalience.Thereasonwhyhumanbeingscanmakecontinuouschoicesinlanguageuseliesinthethreepropertiesoflanguage:variability,negotiability,andadaptability.Andlinguisticadaptationcouldbeexaminedfromfourangels:contextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptability,andthesalienceoftheadaptationprocess.,.,5,语言顺应论（linguisticadaptationtheory），或作为一种语言顺应理论的语用学（pragmaticsasalinguisticadaptationtheory），是比利时著名语言学家、国际语用学会秘书长JefVerschueren创立的一种语言学理论。在他看来，语言使用是语言发挥功能的过程，或者说，是语言使用者根据交际语境的需要不断选择语言手段，以达到交际意图的过程。这里，顺应就体现为语言的使用环境和语言结构选择之间的相互适应。Verschueren认为语言使用是（在说话和解释中同时进行的）一个连续不断的语言选择过程。语言形式的选择是以语用策略的选择为基础进行的。人类之所以能在语言中进行选择，是因为语言具有变异性、协商性和适应性。语言的选择实际上是在结构的每一个层面上进行的，说话人选择的不只是形式，还有策略。有的选择是完全自动的，即无意识的；而有的选择意识程度是很高的。刻意曲解是一种有意识的选择，通过选择这种语用策略来达到自己的交际目的。我们可以和间接言语行为结合起来理解，即说话人在使用语言的同时有意识地选择了间接策略来实现自己的交际目的。顺应论:宏观语用学的核心1985年,维索尔伦(Verschueren)在国际语用学研讨会上,明确提出了语用学是关于语言的一种综观的观点,1999年又以专著的形式即语用学新解(UnderstandingPragmatics)系统呈现了该理论,标志着该理论走向成熟。这本专著之所以具有非同一般的意义,是因为作者提出的“顺应性理论”是从一个全新的视角去理解和诠释当今的语用学。顺应论强调语言交际的过程是不断地进行语言选择的顺应过程,这些选择可以发生在语言组织的各个层面,包括语音、形态、句法、语义等。语言使用的顺应过程,不仅需要顺应交际意图,而且需要顺应交际环境。,.,6,2.Linguisticchoicesmaking,Usinglanguagemustconsistofthecontinuousmakingoflinguisticchoices,consciouslyorunconsciously,forlanguage-internaland/orlanguage-externalreasons.Thesechoicescanbesituatedatanyleveloflinguisticforms:phonetic,phonological,morphological,syntactic,lexical,andsemantic(Verschueren,2000:55-56).Makingchoicesisatwo-wayprocesswhichrequiresthechoicebothintheproducingandinterpretinganutterance.Therearesomefeaturesintheprocessofchoicemaking：,.,7,Choicesareindeedmadeateverypossiblelevelofstructurewhichrangesfromphonetic,phonological,morphologicaltosyntactic,lexicalandsemantic,etc;Speakersdonotonlychooseformsbutalsostrategies;Theprocessofchoicemakingmayshowvariousdegreesofconsciousness;Choicesaremadebothinproducingandinterpretinganutterance;Alanguageuserhasnofreedomorchoicebetweenchoosingandnotchoosing,exceptthatatthelevelwhereheorshecandecideeithertoouselanguageortoremainsilent;Influencedandrestrictedbythesocialandculturalfactors,choicesarenotequivalentforeveryuser.,.,8,3.Threekeynotionsoflanguageuse,Variability:isthepropertyoflanguagewhichdefinestherangeofpossibilityfromwhichchoicescanbemade.Itisdynamicratherthanstatic.E.g.A:WhereisActon?B1:Hediedtwoweeksago.B2:HehasbeenasleepinthearmsofGod.B3:Hewenttohislonghome.,.,9,Negotiability:choicesarenotmademechanicallyoraccordingtostrictrulesorfixedfrom-functionrelationships,butratheronthebasisofhighlyflexibleprinciplesandstrategies.E.g.A:Howismyboyinschool?B1:Hemustbetaughtrightfromwrong.B2:Heneedstobebroughtbackintothemainstream.,.,10,Adaptabilityenableshumanbeingstomakenegotiablelinguisticchoicesfromavariablerangeofpossibilitiesinsuchawayastoapproachpointsofsatisfactionforcommunicativeneed.Itisbasedintheprevioustwopropertiesoflanguagevariabilityandnegotiability.E.g.A:Howdoeshegetalongwithhisclassmates?B1:Thestudentisabully.Heisquarrelsomeandbrowbeats,frightensorhurtssmallerorweakerpupils.B2:Heneedshelpinlearningtousehisleadershipqualitiesdemocratically.,.,11,4.Fouranglesofadaptation,Contextualcorrelatesofadaptability.Itincludesalltheingredientsofthecommunicativecontextswithwhichlinguisticchoiceshavetobeinter-adaptable.Therangegoesfromaspectsofthephysicalsurroundingtosocialrelationshipsbetweenspeakersandhearersandtheinterlocutorsstateofmind.PhysicalworldProductionSocialworldinterpretationMentalworld,.,12,Structuralobjectsofadaptability.Theprocessofchoice-makingtakesplaceatallpossiblelevelsoflinguisticstructurethatinvolvesvariabilityofanylayerofstructure,fromsoundtodiscourse.Thelanguageuserselectslinguisticstructuresinawiderangeoflinguisticrealitiesinordertoadapttothespecificcontext.Richard:CanIdriveyouhome?Elexandra:Nothanks.Thetrainisjustupthestreet.Itwonttakemelongatall.Philip:Sheisasmartyounglady,andverynice.,.,13,Dynamicsconcernsmorethenatureanddevelopmentovertimeoftherelationshipbetweencontextandstructure.Itreferstoactualprocessesofadaptationinwhich,languageusegeneratesmeaningdynamicallybymakinguseofthecontext-andstructure-relatedtools.E.g.1.Iherebybequeathallmypossessionstomywife.(Onlyafterdeclaringthissentenceincourtcanthewishbecomeeffective.)2.ItakeMaryAlicetobemyweddedwife.(inaCatholicweddingceremonyandthisoathcanbedeclaredvoidatalatertimeifthemarriageisnotconsummated.),.,14,Salience.Itclearlyshowsthestatusofadaptationprocessinpeoplesminds.Degreeofthesalienceoftheadaptationprocessesarebasicallyafunctionoftheoperationofthereflexiveawarenessinvolvedinlanguageuse.Notallchoices,whetherinproductionorinterpretation,aremadeequallyconsciouslyorunconsciously.Somearevirtuallyautomaticandothersarehighlymotivated.,.,15,Inallthesefouraspects,themindinsocietyplaysacrucialroleinmakingevrydecision.Theusingoflanguagetoexpressmeaningisadynamicprocess,inwhichtherelationshipbetweencontextandstructureisinfluencedbythedifferentdegreesofsalience.TheAdaptationTheorypresentsthemajorconceptualframeworkforuniversalpragmaticphenomena.,.,16,5.Adaptabilityandadaptation,Adaptabilityisthepropertyoflanguagewhichenableshumanbeings