高考复习非谓语动词

非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,2形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语.,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。逻辑主语能发出该动作（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作（收）不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构,3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.,B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.Itsunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.Itswrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.ItswrongforthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.,2不定式作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed_(think)abouttheproblem.4.Theyappeared_(agree)withwhatwesaid.不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,3不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,hope,wish,expect;like,hate;start,begin;fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend,etc.,如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词it作formobject，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。think,find,feel,consider,makeHefounditimportanttostudyRussian.Thecomputermakesitpossibletocalculatefaster.,不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to或不带to.Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Wehavenochoicebuttowaitoutside.Theycoulddonothingbutaskforhelp.,4.不定式作定语Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.Hethoughtoutaplan_(punish)Tom.Heisalwaysthelast_(come)toofficePleasegivemeaknife_(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,5.不定式作状语。状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果要用不定式。目的状语还可用inorderto或soasto来表示.结果状语还可用soasto,suchasto,enoughto,tooto,onlyto等结构来表示,不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。Thisquestionisdifficult_(answer).Doyouthinkhimeasy_(work)with?Wefindthisrulehard_(remember).,不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willingShewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”tooto”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。Imonlytoogladtostayathome.Itsnevertoooldtolearn.,不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。Isawhimgoout.Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。Imverygladtobeworkingwithyou.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Thearticleissaidtohavebeenreadbymanypeople.,不定式作独立成分。Totell(you)thetruth,hedoesntagreewithyou.Tobeginwith,Beijingisaverybeautifulcity.,不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。Hedidntknowwhattosay.Howtosolvetheproblemisimportant.Myquestioniswhentostart.,不定式与动名词的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Itsnogoodeatingtoomuchfat.Itsnotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.,2动名词作表语.动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis_(bite)nails（指甲）,3动名词作宾语mecafps+doing(mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escapeconsider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate=enjoy,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understand,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing,动名词与不定式的不同含义：beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事beafraidofdoing担心、恐怕出现,2)forgettodosth.忘记去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth.忘记做过了某事（已做）Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot_(turn)itoff.,3)remembertodosth.记着去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.记着做了某事（已做）Doyouremember_(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember_(leave)tomorrow.,4)stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.5)regrettodosth.遗憾地说/告诉regretdoingsth.后悔做了Iregret_(go)tohishometown.Iregret_(tell)youthetruth.,6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_(do)itagain.Letstry_(do)theworkinsomeotherway.,7)meantodosth.meandoingsth.Ifitmeans_(delay)morethanaweek,Illnotwait.Imean_(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)goontodosth.goondoingsth.,9)canthelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁canthelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做10.permit/allow/advise+doingsth.+sb.todosth.11.start/begin/continue/like/love/hate+todosth.+doingsth.,12.S.+wanttodosth.S.+wantsb.todosth./wantsth.tobedoneS.+want+doing/tobedone13.S.+need+todosth.S.+need+doing/tobedone14.S.+requiresb.todosth./requiresth.tobedoneS.+require+doing/tobedoneS.+isworth+doing动名词在句中是主动的形式，但含有被动的意思。,动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpected.ShedidntmindJack/Jacks(him/his)cominghere.,2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普通格。Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.,动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。Weareinterestedin_(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。Imsorryfornot_(keep)mypromise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。Onhearingthebadnews,shecried.Illneverforgetseeingthatfilmforthefirsttime.,2）动名词的语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneHewasafraidof_(leave)athome.Thehouseshowednosignof_(damage).但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.Thebookisworthreading.,分词分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。一般式完成式现在分词doinghavingdone(Ad.)beingdone(Att.)havingbeendone过去分词done,1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别：1.Ourplanis_(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tomsjobwas_(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureis_(interest),whichmadeus_(interest).4.Thesituationis_(encourage).5.Thelibraryis_(close)now.6.Ifyouarebadly_(hurt),youshouldnttrytostandup.,1.Thenewsisencouraging.（表主语的性质，特征）Theglassisbroken.(表主语所在的状态）2.Theglassisbroken.TheglasswasbrokenbyTom.（被动语态）,2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/havingdone，不能发出分词的动作用被动done/havingbeendone。作状语时，可表示时间，原因，结果，条件，方式，伴随状况。分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式havingdone。,注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。注3：有时，”with+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。注4:当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）,3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：Whomflns+sbdo(经常性动作)+sbdoingsth.（正在进行）+sthdone（被动）1.Iusedtoseetheseboys_(play)ontheplayground.,2.Isawthem_(play)thecomputerthisafternoon.3.Haveyou_(heard)thissong_(sing)before?4.Shewassurprisedtofindthehouse_(break)intowhenshewentbackhome.5.Unfortunately,hegothiswallet_(steal)onthebus.6.Weareinterestedinhearinghim_(tell)usthenews.,4）分词作定语(不定式作定语）：A)1.Doyouknowtheman_(speak)atthemeeting?2.Doyouknowtheman_(praise)atthemeeting?3.Thebuilding_(put)uplastyearisourlibrary.4.Thebuilding_(put)upnowwillbeournewcompany.,5)作定语时，单个分词放在前面，分词短语放在后面。（注意语态）1.The_(surprise)newsmadeus_(surprise).2.The_(interest)man,Chaplin,interestedusall.3.T