chapter 3 international transportation

Chapter3,CarriageofGoodsBySeaandMarineCargoInsurance,Charterparties,ContractofaffreightmentCustomarydivision:voyage,time,demiseorbareboat.Oceantransportisthemostwidelyusedformoftransportation.,Oceantransportation,Chartering-charterpartyLiner-billoflading,Voyagecharterparty(航次租船）,Underwhichtheship-ownerchartersoutandthechartererchartersinthewholeorpartoftheshipsspaceforthecarriagebyseaoftheintendedgoodsformoneporttoanotherandthechartererpaystheagreedamountfreight.,Foreveryvoyagecharter,TheshipisseaworthyItshallproceedwithreasonabledispatchThereshouldbenounreasonabledeviation,Timecharterparty,Isacontractunderwhichtheship-ownerprovidesadesignatedmannedshiptothecharterer,andthechartereremploystheshipduringthecontractualperiodfortheagreedserviceagainstpaymentofhire.,Timecharterparty,Bareboatcharterparty（光船租船）,Isacharterpartyunderwhichtheship-ownerprovidesthechartererwithanunmannedshipwhichthecharterershallpossess,employandoperatewithinanagreedperiodandforwhichthecharterershallpaytheship-ownerthehire.,Bareboatcharterparty,Oftenusedintheoiltankertrade.,BillsofLading,Article71ofChinaMaritimeCode:Abillofladingisadocumentwhichservesasanevidenceofthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbasedonwhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderingthesame.,RulesofBillsofLading,TheHagueRulesVisbyRulesortheHague-VisbyRulesHamburgRulesMaritimeCodeofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,TheHagueRules,Toremovetheuncertaintyovertheliabilityofoceancarriers.1924InternationalConventionForTheUnificationOfCertainRulesOfLawRelatingToBillsOfLadingReconciliationofshipowners,cargoownersandinsurers,VisbyRulesortheHague-VisbyRules,Haguesetexcessivelimitationstocarriersliability.1968revision.OnlyafewcountriesadoptedtheHague-VisbyRules.,HamburgRules,Hague-VisbyRulesaboutpartialitytotheinterestsofcarriers,theUNcompletedanewconvention.TheHamburgRulesToservetheinterestsofcargoownersandshippersindevelopingcountriesIgnoredbynearlyallofmajormaritimestates.,MaritimeCodeofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,CameintoforceonJuly1,1997.,RangeofCommercialandLegalFunctionsofBillsofLading,Receiptforgoodssignedbytheshippingcompanyandgiventotheshippers.Evidenceofcarriagebetweentheshippingcompanyandshippers.Documentoftitle.,Receiptofcargo,Issuedtomerchantsbycarrierstoevidencereceiptbythecarriers.Toevidencewhetherdelivered/notdelivered,ingoodcondition/notingoodcondition.Shippedonboardinapparentgoodorderandcondition.,Thebillofladingcanbetreatedasconclusiveevidenceasbetweenthecarrierandareceiverandasatleastprimafacieevidenceasbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,astothenumber,weightorquantityandapparentorderandconditionofthecargoonloading.,Shippersinformationmightnotoperatetoqualifytheaccuracyoffactualstatementbetweenthecarrierandaconsignee.“qualityorconditionofthecargoorthenumberofpackagesisunknown”Effectiveastonegateanyrepresentationastothequalityortotheinternalbutnotexternal,Carriersrisktoignoremattersthatarereadilyobservableorascertainable.Atthetimeofloading,everydiscrepancyshallbenoted.,EvidenceofContractofCarriage,Containratherthanconstitutecontractofcarriage.Notbeissueduntilafteralloftherelevantcargohasbeenonboard.,Courtshavelonginferredthatacontractofcarriagemusthavebeenconcludedbeforeorasacargoistenderedandacceptedforshipmentonboardavessel.ReferencecanbemadetoantecedentcontractOnceabillofladingisissued,itservesastheonlyevidence.,Inpractice,billofladingareoftentransferredbyendorsementanddelivery.Billofladinginthehandsofconsigneesorothertransfereesoftenhavetobeassumedtocontainallofthetermsofthecontractofcarriage.,Evidenceofthecontract:,Detailedtermsasto:ThescopeofthedutiesacceptedbythecarrierinrelationtothecarriageanddischargeofthecargoThedutiesofthepersonentitledtothecargoinrelationtothepaymentoffreightDutiesofthepersonentitledtothecargoinrelationtothedischargeanddeliveryofthecargo,Billofladingholdersseldomhaveachancetonegotiatethecontract.Seldomanequalcommercialfooting.Toensurefairandreasonablecommercialterms,Hagueruleswerethefirstattempt.,DocumentofTitletoCargo,Duringconsecutivetransactions,physicalpossessionofgoodsisnotpractical.Bothreceivedforshipmentandshippedonboardbillsofladinghavecometobetreatedasdocumentsofthetitletocargo.,Deliveryorendorsementanddeliveryofabillofladinghasthefollowingeffects:Ittransferssuchpropertyinthecargoasthepartiestothetransactionintendedittotransfer-byHague-VisbyRules,ArticleI(b),rule4p85-CarriageofGoodsbySeaAct1992,Billsofladingtraditionallyhavebeenissuedinsetof3originals:1retainedonthevessel,1retainedbytheshipperand1senttotheconsignee.Substantialscopeforfraudulentdealings.,Thecarrieris,Obligedtodeliverthecargotothefirstholderwhopresentsoneofasetoforiginalbillsofladingthatcargodeliverabletohimandistherebydischargefromanyfurtherdeliveryobligationunderthebilloflading.,Eventhoughtheoriginalbillsofladingasissuednamedxasconsignee,ifxcannotpresenttothecarrieroneoftheoriginalbillsoflading,thecarrierisneitherobligednorentitledtodeliverthecargotox.,Carrierdelivercargoagainst,AdequatesecurityAnindemnityagainstpotentialadverseclaimsofferedbyanamedconsigneeorotherpersonwhoappearstohaveagoodclaimtocargoforwhichhecannotproduceanoriginalbilloflading.,ContentsofBillofLading,Pp.88-89,Sampleofbilloflading,Commonlabelsforbilloflading,OnboardB/LreceivedforshippingB/LCleanB/LuncleanB/LStraightB/LorderB/LblankB/L,Others,Modelsoftransport:adirectB/L,atranshipmentB/L,athroughB/L.Contents:longformB/L,shortformB/L.Timeforpaymentoffreight:afreightprepaidB/LandafreighttobecollectedB/L.DateoftheissueofB/L:antedatedB/L,advancedB/L.,CarriersresponsibilitiesunderB/L,CarrieractualcarrierLossforlostordamagedgoods,CarriersresponsibilitiesunderB/L,EntireperiodinchargeofthegoodsDuediligencetomaketheshipseaworthyCarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careoranddischargethegoods.Carrythegoodstotheportdischarge,Notliablefor:,Pp.92（）船长、船员、引水员或承运人的雇佣人员，在航行或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不履行义务。（）火灾，但由于承运人的实际过失或私谋所引起的除外。（）海上或其它能航水域的灾难、危险和意外事故,ShippersresponsibilityunderB/L,ProperlypackthegoodsGuaranteetheaccuracyofthedescription,mark,numberofpackagesorpiecesPerformallnecessaryproceduresattheport,customsFurnishallnecessarydocumentsPaythefreightasagreed,Marinecargoinsurance,TheLloydsofLondonThePeoplesInsuranceCompanyofChina,Marineinsurancecontracts,AcontractofmarineinsuranceInsurancecontractTheinsured,LossoforDamagetoTheSubjectMatterInsuredandAbandonment,Totalloss:actualtotallossandconstructivetotallossPartialloss,Totalloss,actualtotallosspp.95constructivetotalloss,实际全损（ActualTotalLoss）是指被保险货物在运输途中由于自然灾害或意外事故造成货物完全灭失或完全推动它原有的作用。,在下列情况下构成实际全损：保险标的物完全灭失。如船只遭遇海难扣沉后，货物同时沉入海底。保险标的物丧失。如船只被海盗动走，货物被适度方扣押，尽宇航局船货本身并未遭到损失，但被保险人已推动这些财产，无法复得。保险标的物已丧失商业价值或推动原有用途。如茶叶经水泡后，虽没有灭失，但已不能饮食，失去商业价值。船舶失踪，达到一定时期。如半年无音讯，即可视作全部灭失。推定全损（ConstructiveTotalLoss）是指货物受损后修复所需的费用或加上运至目的地的费用，将会起过货物在目的地的价格。,推定全损（ConstructiveTotalLoss）是指货物受损后修复所需的费用或加上运至目的地的费用，将会超过货物在目的地的价格。推定全损是有利于被保险人的一种制度，在保险标的物发生推定全损时，被保险人可向保险人委付保险标的而按全损索赔；委付是一项有利于保险人的制度，保险人对是否接受委付有选择权。推定全损与委付制度构成一个利益相对平衡的体系。,Partiallosspp.96,GeneralaverageParticularaverage,共同海损：是指载货船舶在海运途中遇到危难，船方为了维护船泊和所有货物的共同安全、或使船舶得以继续航行，有意和合理地做出某些牺牲或支出的特殊费用。特点：共同利益牺牲和费用，要分摊。单独海损：是指货物受损以后，尚未达到全损的程度金属部分损失，而且是单独一方的利益受损，与他人的利益无关。特点：无关他人，不分摊。,Constructivetotalloss,Abandonment,subrogation,GivestheinsureraccesstotheassuredsrightofactionTheassuredshouldnotsacrificetheinsurerssubrogationrightLimitedthesamewayastheinsured,Perilsandexpenses,Perilsofthesea.ExtraneousrisksGeneralextraneousrisks.Specialextraneousrisks.,expenses,LossofthegoodsExpensesrescuingthegoodsindangersueandlaborexpensesalvagecharges,PeoplesInsuranceCompanyOfChinaOceanMarineCargoClauses,FPAWPAALLRISKS,Basicinsurancecoverage,FreefromparticularaverageinsuranceTotallossesandgeneralaverageemergingfromactualmarineperils.自然灾害单独损失不赔,有批玻璃制品出口，由甲乙两轮分别载运，货主投保了平安险，甲轮在航行途中与他船发生碰撞事故，玻璃制品因此而发生部分损失，而乙轮却在航途中遇到暴风雨天气而使玻璃制品相互撞而发生部分损失，事后，货主向保险人提出索赔，分析一下保险人应如何处理。,在第一种情况下，由于造成玻璃制品部分损失的原因是船舶在航行途中与他船相撞，这一碰撞意外事故导致的部分损失属于平安险的承保责任范围，保险人应当赔偿货主；,而在第二种情况下，由于造成玻璃制品部分损失的原因不是船舶发生意外事故而是暴风雨袭击船舶，使之颠簸的结果，而暴风雨属于自然灾害，由自然灾害造成的部分损失不属平安险的承保范围，故而保险人也就无须承担赔偿责任。当然，如果船舶在遭遇暴风雨前后发生了碰撞、搁浅、沉没、触礁或焚毁意外事故，由此造成的玻璃制品的损失，货主还是能够从保险人那儿获得赔偿的。,1）平安险案例：,泰国某商人向日本出口大米1000包，共10吨，向泰国保险公司投保了平安险（FPA），货物有泰国某船运公司承运，该批货物装在货轮的底层货舱，货轮在行驶途中触礁，底舱严重进水，船方全力抢救，方使500包大米移至舱面，后来又遇风暴将这500包大米全部吹落海中，而其余没于舱底的500包大米则遭受严重水浸，无法食用。,货轮抵达日本后，收货人凭保险单向泰国保险公司请求赔偿，遭到拒赔，保险公司提出拒赔的理由是：保险单上载明的是平安险，平安险对单独海损不负责赔偿，而货物所受的风险损失都属于单独海损的范畴，所以保险人不负责任。,Withparticularaverageinsurance,Partiallossesoftheinsuredgoodscausedbyheavyweather,lighting,tsunami,earthquakeandflood.,2）水渍险,水漬险的承保范围，包括海上风险所造成的一切损失和费用。即在平安险的基础上，加上自然灾害造成的单独海损。,案例：,1997年3月，我国进出口公司向荷兰出口无烟煤50公吨，合同采用CIF价格条件，规定由我方投保水渍险，我方遂按发票金额的110%向中国人民保险公司投保了水渍险。5月份该批无烟煤装运出口，但在印度转船时，遭遇当地暴雨，货抵目的港荷兰鹿特丹后，荷兰进口商发现货物有明显的湿损，损失经计算达27000多美元。荷兰进口商遂向我方提出索赔，但遭到我方拒绝，我方指出“对该批货物已投保了水渍险，你方应凭保险单向中国人民保险公司索赔”。,案例：,事后，荷兰进口商凭保险单向PICC驻荷兰的代理人提起索赔，遭到拒赔。我方保险代理人指出：货损是由于淡水雨淋所致，非海水所浸损，不属于水渍险的承保范围。后来，荷兰进口商是否应自己承担了该批货物的损失。,Allrisksinsurance,FPAWPA+otherrisksExcludecoverageagainstdamagecausedbywar,riots,etc.,3）一切险,一切险的承保范围，包括水漬险的所有责任，还包括由一般外来风险所造成的损失。,Additionalinsurancecoverage,NotpurchasedindependentlyGeneraladditionalrisksincludedinallrisksp.99Specialadditionalrisks,4)附加险：,附加险承保由外来风险所造成的损失，可分成一般附加险和特殊附加险，分别对应于一般外来风险和特殊外来风险。附加险不能单独投保、可在投保一种基本险的基础上，根据货运需要加保其中的一种或若干种。投保了一切险后，因一切险中已包括了所有一般附加险的责任范围，所以只须在特殊附加险中选择加保。,一般附加险：,1）偷窃提货不着险（theft,pilferageandnon-delivery,简称t.p.n.d.）：保险有效期内，保险货物被偷走或窃走，以及货物运抵目的地以后，整件未交的损失，由保险公司负责赔偿。2）淡水雨淋险（freshwaterraindamage,简称f.w.r.d.）：货物在运输中，由于淡水、雨水以至雪溶所造成的损失，保险公司都应负责赔偿。淡水包括船上淡水舱、水管漏水以及汗等。3）短量险（riskofshortage）：负责保险货物数量短少和重量的损失。通常包装货物的短少，保险公司必须要查清外装包是否发生异常现象，如破口、破袋、扯缝等，如属散装货物，往生育装船和卸重量之间的差额作为计算短量的依据。,4)混杂、沾险（riskofintermixture&contamination）：保险货物在运输过程中，混进了杂质所造成的损换。例如矿石等混进了泥士、草屑等因而使质量受到影响。此外保险货物因为和其他物质接触而被沾污，例如布匹、纸第、食物、服装等被油类或带色的物质污染因而引起的经济损失。5)渗漏险（riskofleakage）流质、半流质的液体物质同和油类物质，在运输地程中因为容器损坏而引起的渗漏损换。如以液体装存的湿肠衣，因为液体渗漏而使肠发生腐烂。变质等损失，均由保险公司负责赔偿。6)碰损、破碎险（riskofclash&breakage）：碰损主要是对金属、木质等货物来说的，破碎则主要是对易碎性物质来说的。前者是指在运输途中，因为受到震动、颠簸、挤压而造成货物本身的损失；后者是在运输途中由于装卸野蛮、粗鲁、运输工具的颠震造成货物本身的破裂、断碎的损失。7)串味险（riskofodour）：例如，茶叶、香料、药材等在运输途中受到一起堆储的皮第、樟脑等异味的影响使品质受到损失。,8)受热、受潮险（damagecausedbyheating&sweating）：例如，船舶在航行途行途中，由于气温骤变，或者因为船上通风设备失灵等使舱内水气凝结、发潮、发热引起货物的损失。9)钩损险（hookdamage）：保险货物在装卸过程中因为使用手钩、吊钩等工具所造成的损失，例如粮食包装袋因吊钩钩坏而造成粮食外漏所造成的损失，保险公同在承保该