非谓语动词上课(定稿).ppt

Nonfiniteverbs,非谓语动词,1.todo2.-ing3.done,谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。e.g.Heworks.Hetakescareofthebaby.HewillgotoShanghai.HedidntgotoShanghai.HehasgonetoShanghai.Youarestudents.Youlooksmart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态动词/助动词+v.,系动词+表语,非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g.Heworks.Hewantstoworkhere.Heisworkingnow.Hehasdonehiswork.,非谓语,不定式（todo),V-ing,V-ed,asanoun,asadj.oradv.,现在分词,动名词,过去分词,非谓语动词的分类,使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词.,非谓语动词的,Tomreturnedfromthemanagersoffice,tellingmethatthebosswantedtoseemeatonce.2.Thenewsmeeting,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.4.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.5.Toliveistostruggle.(生活就是斗争。),找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）,高考热点,一、不定式与动名词做主语：1.动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。e.g.Climbingmountainsisgreatfun.爬山很有趣。TovisitChinaismynextgoal.2.不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。e.g.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.3.动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句尾。常见于以下句型中：Itsuse/good/funItsuseful/nice/uselesse.gItsniceseeingyouagain.,辨析几类情况：,1._alanguagerequirestimeandeffort.A.LearnB.LearningC.TolearnD.Beinglearned2.Itisnotalwayseasy_invitations.A.torefuseB.refusingC.toberefusedD.beingrefused3.How_theproblemwillbediscussedattomorrowsmeeting.A.tosolveB.tobesolvedC.beingsolvedD.solving4.It_forty-fiveminutes_therebybus.A.cost,togetB.takes,gettingC.takes,togetD.takes,togetto5.Itisnogood_.Youshouldgive_.A.tosmoke,itupB.smoking,itupC.smoking,upitD.tosmoke,upit,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,1.下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语：want,wish,hope,expect,ask,afford,agree,choose,pretend,decide,happen,learn,offer,refuse,fail,plan,prepare,order,manage,promise,intend等。e.g.Heagreedtogetsomeonetohelpus.Theypromisednottobreaktheschoolrulesagain.,只能接不定式作宾语的动词口诀：,决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事,决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事,decidetodosth.决定做某事wantwouldliketodosth.想做某事plantodosth.计划做某needtodosth.需要做某事agreetodosth.同意做某事affordtodo能做某事beusedtodo被用来做,迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事,cantwaittodo迫不及待地要做某事makeuponesmindtodo下决心做某事usedtodo过去常常做某事failtodo未能做某事,2.在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语：admit,advise,allow,avoid,bear,cannothelp,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,giveup,imagine.include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,permit,practice,resist,risk,suggest,stand,insiston,bebusy,beworth,feellike,cantstand,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent(from),keepfrom,stop(from),protectfrom,beengagedin,spend(in),succeedin,admitto,be/get/becomeusedto,beequalto,devoteto,getdownto,lookforwardto,objectto,stickto,taketo,seeto,leadto,payattentionto等。,只能接-ing作宾语的动词口诀：,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习错过建议保持介意值得考虑（押韵）,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习,enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事spend.doingsth.花费做某事bebusydoingsth.忙于做imaginesb.doingsth.想象做某事canthelpdoingsth.忍不住做某事feellikedoingsth.想要做某事finishdoingsth.完成做某事practicedoingsth.练习做某事,missdoingsth.错过做某事suggestdoingsth.建议做某事keep(on)doingsth.保持（继续）做某事minddoingsth.介意做某事beworthdoingsth.值得做某事considerdoingsth.考虑做某事,错过建议保持介意值得考虑,介词+doing,常考介词:at,in,onof,off,for,fromup,about,withoutto等等,begoodatdoingsth擅长做某事beinterestedindoingsth.对做某事感兴趣insistondoing坚持做某事beusedfordoingsth.被用来做某事thanksb.fordoingsth.谢谢某人做某事betiredofdoingsth.厌烦做某事beafraidofdoingsth.害怕做某事,putoffdoing推迟做某事stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做某事giveupdoingsth.放弃做某事withoutdoingsth.没有做某事thinkaboutdoingsth.考虑做某事WhatHowaboutdoing做某事怎么样?,此to非彼to,lookforwardtodoingsth.（盼望）payattentiontodoingsth.（注意）beusedtodoingsth.（习惯于）preferdoingsthtodoingsth.（更喜欢）devotetodoingsth（致力于）makeacontributiontodoing（做贡献）,特殊词精讲:,stopdoing/todo,stoptodo停下来去做另一件事，stopdoing停止正在做的某事。Eg:他们停下来吸烟。Theystoptosmoke.我必须戒烟了Imuststopsmoking.,forgettodo忘记要去做某事，forgetdoing忘记做过某事。Eg：办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Heforgottoturnitoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）Heforgotturningthelightoff.,forgetdoing/todo,rememberdoing/todo,remembertodo记得去做某事rememberdoing记得做过某事记着放学后去趟邮局。Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.你不记得以前见过那个人吗?Dontyourememberseeingthemanbefore?,goondoing/todo,goontodo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，goondoing继续做原来做的事。Eg：做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Afterhehadfinishedhismaths，hewentontodohisphysics.做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习Goondoingotherexercisesafteryouhavefinishedthisone.,trydoing/todosth.,trytodosth.努力,尽力做某事Althoughmathsisdifficult,Iwilltrytostudyit.trydoingsth.试着做某事Themachinecouldntwork.Letstryrepairingit.,小试牛刀,1.Nowmoreandmorepeoplearebusy_abouttheInternet.A.learnB.tolearnC.learningD.learned2.-Itstoohot.Wouldyoumind_thedoor?-_.Pleasedoit.A.toopen;OKB.opening;CertainlynotC.opening;OfcourseD.toopen;Goodidea3.Nomatterhowharditis,wellkeep_untilwemakeit.A.failedB.failingC.triedD.trying,4.-Areyouenjoying_inNingbo?-Yes,weare.Verymuch.A.toliveB.livingC.livesD.lived5Wecouldnthelp_(laugh)afterweheardthefunnystoryA.tolaughB.laughingC.laughsD.laughed,6.Hegaveussomeadviceonhow_English.A.learningB.learnedC.tolearnD.learn7.Itsapayday,andtheyarewaiting_.A.payB.payingC.paidD.tobepaid8.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.AtobeheardB.tobehearingCtohearD.tohaveheard,9.Iforgot_mynamewhenIfinished_thecomposition.A.tosign,towritingB.tosign,writingC.signing,writing10.-Youwerebraveenoughtoraisedobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone11.Shecanthelp_thehousebecauseshesbusymakingacake.A.tocleanB.cleaningC.cleanedD.beingcleaned,12.Martinlookssowell.Weveneverseenhim_sowellbefore.A.islookedB.islookingC.tolookD.look13.Myfatherhasdecided_becausesmokingisbadforhishealth.A.tostoptosmokeB.tostopsmokingC.stoppingsmokingD.stoptosmoke14Itiskind_metocarrythesebooks.A.ofyouhelpingB.foryoutohelpC.ofyoutohelpD.foryouhelping,15.Wouldyoulike_somebreadorbiscuits?Nothanks.Idontfeellikeanythingnow.A.tohave,eatingB.tohave,toeatC.having,toeatD.having,eating16.Doyourememberme,Tom?Ah,yes,Iremembered_youinJUSCOlastyear.A.seeB.seesC.toseeD.seeing,三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语,1.表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名词可以互换。e.g.Myhobbyiscollecting/tocollectancientcoins.2.若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。e.g.Mywishistofindapart-timejobthissummer.3.现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别e.g.Thepartywasveryexciting.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews,1.Herwishis_anengineer.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcome2.Somepeoplesgreatestpleasureis_.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishingD.beingfish3.Thereportwasso_thattheywereall_.A.inspiring,excitingB.inspiring,excitedC.inspired,excitedD.inspired,exciting4.-“Youlookpale.”-“Ifeelalittle_.”A.tireB.tiredC.tiringD.tiresome,四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语,1.不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或将要发生的某一动作。e.g.ThetraintoarriveisfromLondonHeisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2.动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。e.g.awashingmachine（动名词做定语，=amachinewhichisusedforwashing）洗衣机areadingroom（动名词做定语，=aroomwhichisusedforreading）阅览室,3.现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。e.g.therisingsun（现在分词做定语，=thesunwhichisrising）正在升起的太阳thechangingworld（现在分词做定语，=theworldwhichischanging）变化中的世界amovingmovie感人的电影excitedvoice激动的声音（形容词性分词作定语）fallenleaves落叶abrokencup一个破了的杯子（过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）,1.Shesaidshehadaimportantmeeting_.A.toattendinB.toattendC.attendD.attending2.Heisalwaysthefirst_questions.A.toanswerB.answeringC.tobeansweredD.beinganswered3.TheOlympicGames_intheyear2012willbeagreatsuccess.A.beingheldB.tobeheldC.heldD.tohold4.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,5.Atpresent,Englishisthemainsubject_here.A.tobetaughtB.beingtaughtC.teachingD.tobeteaching6.-Whoarethosepeoplewiththebanner?-Agroup_itselftheLeagueforpeace.A.callingB.callsC.calledD.iscalled7.Thepen_belongstome.A.whichitisonthetableB.lyingonthetableC.isonthetableD.whichonthetable,五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语,1.在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语，“宾语+不定式”构成了复合宾语。有些动词要求不定式不带to，有些要求必须带to，还有的带与不带都可以。以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语：ask,tell,want,wish,order,persuade,advise,allow,warn,encourage,cause,require等。e.g.Thedoctoradvisedhimtostayinbedforanotherfewdays.Wewishhimtoremainandacceptthepost.我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。,接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀：,请求与命令想要邀请期待鼓励与建议答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,请求与命令,asksb.todosth.请求某人做某事tellsb.todosth.命令某人做某事,想要邀请期待鼓励与建议,wantsb.todosth.想要某人做某事invitesb.todosth.邀请某人做某事expectsb.todosth.期待某人做某事encouragesb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事advisesb.todosth.建议某人做某事,答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,promisesb.todo答应某人做某事warnsb.nottodosth.告诫某人做某事allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事remindsb.todosth.提醒某人做某事helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事,有些感官动词和使役动词，如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,lookat,listento,let,have,make,keep,get等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语，常表动作的整个过程。e.g.Wenoticedhimenterthehouse.我们留意到他进了那所房子。Thebossmadethemworktwelvehoursaday.老板让他们一天干12小时工作。,省略to的情况:,使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看feel/hear,listento/let,make,have,/lookat,see,watch,noticehadbetter（not）dosth.最好(不)做whynot/whydontyoudosth为什么不做?helpsb.（to）dosthWouldrather宁愿做wouldyouplease情态动词+do助动词+do,牛刀小试,1.Mymotheroftenasksme_somecleaningonSundaysAdoB.doesC.didD.todo2.DoyouoftenhearJohn_inhisroom?Listen!Nowwecanhearhim_inhisroom.A.sing,tosingB.sing,singC.sing,singingD.tosing,singing3.Iwatchedher_inthenextroomlastnight.A.dancingB.todanceC.dancesD.dance4.Lets_swimmingaftertheexam.A.goB.goesC.togoD.went5.Youdbetter_abus.A.tocatchB.catchC.catchesD.catching,6.ThedoctoradvisedLaoLi_morerest.A.thathegetB.togetC.wouldgetD.get7.Soontheysawtheboy_inthecrowd.A.disappearB.todisappearC.disappearsD.disappeared8.Birdsareseldomheard_atnight.A.singB.singingC.tosingD.tobesinging,2.现在分词做补足语分两种情况：形容词性质的现在分词作补足语：e.g.Ifindthebookveryinteresting.我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语）Theboyisfoundveryannoying.发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语）动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动词，如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,lookat,listento,let,have,make,keep,get等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。e.g.Iseehimpassingbyabank.我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语）Hewasseenworkinginthegarden.有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）,1.Hekeptme_formanyhours.A.towaitB.havingbeenwaitedC.waitingD.waited2.Mothercaughttheboy_inthecorner.A.smokeB.tosmokeC.smokingD.beingsmoked3.HavingreadtheEmperorsNewClothes,weallfoundit_.A.interestB.interestedC.interestingD.tointerest,区分下列词组:,seesb.doing/dosth.hearsb.doing/dosth.watchsb.doing/dosth.noticesb.doing/dosth.,感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listento,feel,+do表示动作的完整性，+doing表示动作的进行性。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。,3.过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。Thebossfoundhisplancarriedoutsuccessfully.Theboywasfoundlostintheforest.HaveyouheardthissongsunginJapanese?(宾补)ThissongisoftenheardsungeverywhereinChina.(主补),1.Ineedthischapter_beforetomorrow.A.rewritingB.rewrittenC.rewriteD.towriteagain2.Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething_.A.tostealB.losingC.missedD.stolen3.Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldnotmakehimself_.A.beingheardB.heardC.hearingD.hear,六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,1.不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论性状语。不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。e.g.ShewassurprisedtoseeJimwalkin.看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性，在不定式前可以加上inorder,soas。e.g.Tosucceed,onemustfirstofallbelieveinhimself.Inordertokeepwarm,weshutallthewindows.,不定式表结果，常用在tooto,enoughto结构中。有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。e.g.Thechildisoldenoughtodresshimself.Wehurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.Thehusbandlefthiswife,nevertoreturn.有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。e.g.Ihaveneverseensuchaperson,totellyouthetruth.Tocutalongstoryshort,wedisagree.长话短说，我们不同意。,六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,1.Ihaveenjoyedmyvisithere.Illbeverysorry_.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.left2.Iwenttoseehim_himout.A.findingB.findC.onlytofindD.onlyfound,2.现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等。现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。e.g.Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedforjoy.Havingfinishedhisspeech,heansweredourquestions.作原因状语：Livingfarfromtheschool,Ihavetogetupearlyinthemorning.作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。e.g.Thefirelastedawholenight,causinggreatdamage.,作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作。e.g.FollowingTom,westartedtoclimb.我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。Shecameridingabrand-newbike.她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且与主句间用逗号隔开。e.g.Janekeptsilent,tryingnottoshowherfeelings.作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。常见的有：generallyspeaking一般说来strictlyspeaking严格说来roughlyspeaking大致说来narrowlyspeaking狭义上说judgingfrom/by由判断。e.g.Judgingfromheraccent,shemustcomefromAustralia.,1._thecryforhelp,peopleimmediatelyrushedoutoftherooms.A.TohearB.HearingC.HavingheardD.Theyhearing2._Hello,hereachedouthishand.A.SaidB.SayingC.TalkedaboutD.Talkingto,3.过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾，有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。Askedabouthisaddress,theboydidntrespond.Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.作原因状语，常置于句首。InfectedwiththeH1N1,thelittleboywasseparatedfromtheotherchildren.作条件状语：United,westand;divided,wefall.合则立，分则败。作伴随或方式状语：Thepopstarhurrieduptohercar,followedbyherfans.,1._fromthetallestbuilding,thewholecitylooksverybeautiful.A.SeeB.SawC.SeeingD.Seen2._thepast,ourlifeismuchbetter.A.ComparingwithB.BecomparedwithC.TocomparewithD.Comparedwith,下面从二个方面来探究非谓语动词的解题方法：,1.非谓语动词的七大经典原则2.非谓语动词解题四大步骤,非谓语动词题的做题技巧,一.非谓语动词的七大经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用-ing，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义。,英语非谓语动词题的七条经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式Whenaskedwhyhewentthere，hesaidhewassentthere_foraspaceflight.A.trainingB.beingtrainedC.tohavetrainedD.tobetrained【解析】由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除A和B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，故选D。,2._thiscake，youllneed2eggs，175gsugarand175gflour.A.HavingmadeB.MakeC.TomakeD.Making,3.Asthelightturnedgreen，Istoodforamoment，not_，andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.A.movedB.movingC.tomoveD.Beingmoved,【解析】由于与句子主语之间为主动关系，且表示当时持续了一会儿，故用-ing。句意为：当信号灯变绿时，我站在那儿一会儿没动，心想自己该怎么办。,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.,4.Hesat_toher_thestairs.A.tolisten;toclimbB.listening;toclimbC.listening;climbD.listening;climbing,listentodo/doing,【解析】listen是伴随sat而同时由主语he发出的，所以用-ing作伴随状语；listento后跟不带to的不定式/-ing作宾补。,用括号里的词的适当形式填空1.Shewrotetotheeditor,_thattheeditorwouldbeabletohelpher（hope）2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstoppedthere_onabigrock(rest)3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintonight,_alongspeech.(prepare)4._warm,weshutallthewindows.(keep),preparing,torest,hoping,Tokeep,ing形式作伴随状语与todo作目的状语的区别：作伴随状语的ing形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号;而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生，且前面不能用逗号。,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式，其区别是，一般用-ing，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。5.Theglassdoorshavetakentheplaceofthewoodenonesattheentrance，_inthenaturallightduringtheday.A.toletB.lettingC.letD.havinglet【解析此处用-ing表示自然而然的结果。如：Itrainedheavily，causingseverefloodinginthatplace.大雨滂沱，造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。,6.Oilpriceshaverisenby32percentsincethestartoftheyear，_arecordUS$57.65abarrelonApril4.A.havereachedB.reachingC.toreachD.tobereaching,8.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly_thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told,7.Hehurriedtothestation,only_thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound【解析】onlytodosth在此表示出人意料的结果。,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动式.9.ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatdinnertablethatIhadtostruggle_.A.tobeheardB.tohaveheardC.hearingD.beingheard【解析】根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，因可排除B和C。另外，由于“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作当时尚未发生，故用不定式，即选A。,10.Atthebeginningofclass,thenoiseofdesks_couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.A.openedandclosedB.tobeopenedandclosedC.beingopenedandclosedD.toopenandclose,【解析】of后应接-ing，desks与openandclose之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因couldbeheard，所以选-ing的被动式表正在被进行的动作。,of,11.Whenshecamein,shewassurprisedtofindastranger_atthebackoftheclassroomwithhiseyes_uponher.A.seating;fixingB.toseat;fixingC.havingseated;fixedD.seated;fixed,astranger,hiseyes,sitting,seatvt.,Iseatedmyself.,=Iwasseated.,=Isatdown,fixoneseyesupon,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致.,12.Facedwithabillfor$10,000，_.A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB.thebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn,(be)facedwith,Facedwith,13.Whilewatchingtelevision，_.A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoorbellringsC.weheardthedoorbellringD.weheardthedoorbellrings【解析】因为watching的逻辑主语一定是人，排除选项A和B；又因在hear后作宾补的是省略了to的不定式，所以选项D中的rings是错误的。,watching,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式（根据情况可用不定式的完成式或ing的完成式）14._fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears，Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountriesintheworld.A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.tobeseparated,【解析】因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用-ing的完成被动式作原因状语。,has,15.Themanager，_itcleartousthathedidntagreewithus，leftthemeetingroom.A.whohasmadeB.havingmadeC.madeD.making,【解析】因为Themanager与make是主动关系，且make发生在谓语left之前，所以用-ing的完成式作状语，havingmade.相当于whohadmade.的意思。,left,16.LiMingissaid_abroad.DoyouknowwhatcountryYes,InLondon.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying,hestudiedin?hewillstudyin?hestudiesin?,C,A,B,is,sbissaidtodo据说,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用-ing，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作被动、完成。17.Therewillbemorethanthreehundredscientistsattendingthemeeting_thedayaftertomorrow.A.holdB.holdingC.heldD.tobeheld18.Therearehundredsofvisitors_infrontoftheArtGallerytohavealookatVanGoghspaintings.A.waitedB.towaitC.waitingD.wait,themeeting,thedayaftertomorrow,visitors,19.“Things_nevercomeagain!”Icouldnthelptalkingtomyself.A.lostB.losingC.tolostD.havelost20.Thelastone_paysthemeal.Agreed!A.arrivedB.arrivesC.toarriveD.arriving,Things,Thelastone,losevt.losesb/sth,注：受thefirst，thesecond.thelast修饰的名词或代词后原则上要用不定式作定语。,Youarethesecondtomakethatmistake.你是第二个犯这错误的人。,原则一：用作目的状语，,原则二：用作伴随状语，,原则三：用作结果状语，,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上用不定式.,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上用-ing.,原则三：用作结果状语，可用-ing/todo,区别是：-ing表示一定逻辑的结果，todo表示非逻辑的结果。,原则四:凡是有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。如果动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动形式；如果动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动形式。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，原则上其逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，原则上要用完成式（-ing的完成式或不定式的完成式）,原则七：用于名词后作定语，原则是：不定式表示动作尚未发生；-ing表示动作正在进行：过去分词表示动作完成，被动。,二