英语议论文ppt课件

,Howtowriteanargumentation（如何书写议论文）,第一组:曹世江学号：2015221166,1,目录,一、议论文的定义、三要素,五、模板和范文,二、论证方法、写作流程,四、议论文写作技巧,三、议论文写作结构,2,一、什么是议论文,定义：议论文是通过议论或说理来表达自己的见解和主张，用来论述某个道理、阐述某种观点的一种文体.作者对某一问题持有某种看法,为了使读者同意自己的观点,或是驳斥别人的错误观点，提出若干理由,用来支撑自己的观点.,基本要求：议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、逻辑严密。,3,议论文三要素,1、论点(thetopic)：作者对议论的问题所持的见解和主张，即最终要支持和证明的对象；一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证,2、论据(argument)：用来证明论点的事实和依据，论据必须让人觉得真实、可信，能够充分证明论点并且要具有典型性，新颖性。尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据，一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言等作为论据,3、论证(demonstration)：是用论据证明论点的过程，也就是论述的方法。,4,论证方法：议论文常用的写作方法有：归纳法、推理法、对照法、驳论法、例证法、引证法等等。人们常用的方法是例证法，即举出比较典型的事例进行说理；对照法，即把正反两方面相互对照，然后加以分析，以说明事物；驳论法：先列出错误观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。,二、论证方法、写作流程,常用对照句型：,IncontrasttoA,Bis.Ontheonehand,A.,whileontheotherhand,B.AandBaresimiliarin.Somestudentsthinkitsagoodideato.,Onthecontrary,theotherstudentsare.,5,议论文的写作步骤,审题analyze构思conception列提纲outline写作writing检查check审题、构思和列提纲最好控制在5分钟以内，写作2025分钟，检查留3分钟左右。,6,三、议论文写作结构,1、引言（introduction）,3、结论(conclusion),2、主体段（mainbody）,7,1、引言(introduction)在引言段中就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么等。,Example:（提出问题）Thereiscurrentlymuchdiscussionaboutwhetherstudentsshouldstayintheirownclassroomsornotduringbreaktimes（表明观点）PersonallyIbelievethatstudentscanneverbekeptintheclassroomsbetweenclasses.,8,2、主体段（mainbody）主体段是议论的过程，必须有足够的证据（adequateproofs）来论证自己的观点,主要的方法：a.阐述理由；b.分析利弊；c.提出举措；d.列举实例,Example：Wespendalmostthewholedayinourclassroom，andbreaktimes(课间休息时间)aretheonlytimethatwecanrelaxforawhileItmaybecomeverytedious(沉闷的)tostaythereforalongtimewithoutarest.,9,3.结论（conclusion）结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前的原话,Example：Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemaysafelydrawaconclusionthatitwouldmakebreaktimeshappierformoreandmorestudentsiftheywereallowedtochoosewheretheyspenttheirtime,10,四、议论文写作技巧,应用修辞，增强说服力,表达到位，才能看得明白,简洁洗练，要点不繁杂,多用书面语，少用口头语,正确使用连接词,11,应用修辞，增强说服力适当采用比喻、夸张等修辞手法，采用幽默、平行结构等写作手法，可以把道理说得更加透彻，把观点表达得更加鲜明，把平淡的内容表现得更加生动，从而更好地传递信息，增添文采，激发读者的共鸣。,Example：Thereareonlytwocreaturesintheworldwhocansurmountthepyramidstheeagleandthesnail.(夸张)世界上能跨越金字塔的生物只有两种雄鹰和蜗牛。,Thechildrenwasasbusyasbees,makingpreparationsforthefestival.(比喻)孩子们准备过节忙得像蜜蜂一样。,12,表达到位，才能看得明白通常，作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的，但在将观点传达给读者时，往往因为用词不准确，逻辑欠严密，或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果使读者不知所云。,Example：TheygavemewhatIneed，butnotwhatIwant改为：TheyhavegivenmewhatIneedbutnotWhatIamaskingfor,13,简洁洗练，要点不繁杂语言简洁有力，文章干净利落，是议论文的重要特征之一。写作时，只要力求做到“章无冗段，段无冗句，句无冗词”，就可改变拖泥带水的现象。,Example:Therearenogoodreasonstoexpiainwhyboysandgirlsshouldnotbetreatedequally.改为：Boysandgirlsshouldbegivenequaltreatment,14,多用书面语，少用口头语相对口头语而言，书面语更能增添文章的厚重感和读者对文章的信任感。,Example：EverythinghastwosidesandthisproblemisquitethesameEverythinghastwosidesandthisissueisnotanexception,15,正确使用连接词在句子间使用连接词，能使文章脉络更加清晰，逻辑关系更加流畅。,Example：1、ThewaterwaspollutedAsaresult(表因果)，thefishdied2、However（表转折），othersthinkweshouldhavejunkfood.,1、主体段表层次的关联词,Firstandforemost/besides/lastbutnot(the)least；Ontheonehand/ontheotherhandFirstly-secondly-thirdly；Inthefirstplaceinthesecondplaceinthethirdplace；Tobeginwith/then/furthermore/finally；Tostartwith/next/inaddition/finally；,16,2、常用的其他关联词,表结论：onthewhole,ingeneral,inbrief,toend/sumup,toconclude,inconclusion,inshort,insummary等。Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometo/drawtheconclusionthat.表因果：as,asaresult,becauseof,for,dueto,owingto,thanksto.表意见：inonesopinion,frommyperspective,asfarasIamconcerned,myidea/viewis,itstrikesmethat,frommypoint,personally.表比较：unlike,inthesameway,onthecontrary,differentfrom,incontrastto.,17,五、模板和范文,在英语六级中常考的议论文有“评论型”和“解释型”的，所论述的问题一般都与名言哲理类有关，通常给出一句简单的话作为要评论或解释的对象。,1、评论型议论文,（一）题型特点：,Directions：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying/remark/proverb“AsmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeopleYoucanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleastl50wordsbutnomorethan200words,18,（二）写作模板：,第一段：引言；通俗含义；有何启发,Asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):.Inotherwords/Toputitanotherway,；Simpleasthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationmaysound,itconveysathought-provokingnotion/messagethat.Asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):.可以替换为：（主语），asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes),谓语+宾语。,19,第二段：论据支持论据一；论据二；举例Firstandforemost,.Inaddition,.Forinstance,.如果担心字数不够可以在Firstandforemost前面加上Twoargumentscanbelistedtosupportthisview/Reasonscanbelistedasfollows:对于词数要求在300以上时，可列举三个论据，举两个例子用开扩充文章。,20,第三段：名言的意义；提出建议；有何好处一般的表达方式：Tosumup/Inconclusion,.weshould.Onlyin/bythisway,canwe.较好地表达方式：Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometo/drawtheconclusionthat+某某的重要性.Hence/Therefore/Consequently,itisadvisable/imperative/essentialfor.todo.,21,Asmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeople,Asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):Asmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeople.Inotherwords/Toputitanotherway,asmilecouldserveasabridgetoshortenthedistancebetweentwohearts；Simpleasthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationmaysound,itconveysathought-provokingnotion/messagethatWeshouldalwaysbefriendlyandpolitetoothers.Firstandforemost,asmileprovestobethemosteffectivewaytobreaktheicebetweentwostrangers.Inaddition,beingfriendlycouldpromotethemutualunderstandingandfriendshipsincethosewhoalways,22,wearawarmsmileavoidtheimpresionofcoldnessandindifference.Forinstance,AmericancelebratedhotolkingHiltonsmottoiskeepyousmile.SmillehelpedHiltoncomethroughthedifficulties;moreover,itbroughtgreatprofits.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatnothingcouldbemoreeffectivethanawarmsmileinbringingpeoplecloser.hence,itisadvisableforpeopletoopentheirmindandtreatotherswithsincerityandwarmth.,23,2、解释型议论文,（一）题型特点：,Directions：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowr