英语语言学实用教程完整1-3unitppt课件

.,1,ChenXinrencxr3354182025-51983822,AnIntroductiontoEnglishLinguistics,精品课程“英语语言学”,.,2,Courseobjectives:,-masteryofsomelinguisticconceptsandtheoriesinordertounderstandhowlanguageisconstructed,howlanguageoperates,howlanguageisusedtodothings,howlanguageisacquiredorlearnt,howlanguagevariesaccordingtotheuserorthesituation,etc.;,-improvementofEnglishproficiencyingeneralandenhancementoftheawarenessofpatternsandregularitiesintheEnglishlanguage;,-preparationforfurtherstudyandresearchaboutlanguage.,.,3,Textbookandreferencebooks,陈新仁，英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版社，2007。戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，新编简明英语语言学教程（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，2002。丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要，上海外语教育出版社，2001。胡壮麟主编，语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001。Yule,G.TheStudyofLanguage语言研究.外语教学与研究出版社，2000.,.,4,Courseoutline,Lecture1:IntroductiontothecourseLecture2:SomepreliminariesaboutlanguageLecture3:ThesoundsofEnglishLecture4:TheunitsofEnglish(1)Lecture5:ThestructuresofEnglish(1)Lecture6:ThestructuresofEnglish(2)Lecture7:ThemeaningofEnglish(1)Lecture8:ThemeaningofEnglish(2),.,5,Lecture9:TheuseofEnglish(1)Lecture10:TheuseofEnglish(2)Lecture11:ThevarietiesofEnglish(1)Lecture12:ThevarietiesofEnglish(2)Lecture13:TheacquisitionofEnglishLecture14:EmpiricalresearchofEnglishLecture15-18Researchpractice,.,6,Coursecomponents,LecturesDiscussionsPresentationAssignmentsResearch,.,7,Courseassessment:,attendance(10%)participationinclassroomdiscussion(20%)presentation(10%)assignments(20%)termpaper(40%),.,8,Termpaper,A-4/1.5space/TimesNewRoman/10.5fontsize/5pages(including5-10references)First-handdata+analysis,.,9,Lecture2Somepreliminariesaboutlanguage,2.1Thedefinitionoflanguage2.2Thefunctionsoflanguage2.3Theoriginoflanguage2.4Thedefiningfeaturesoflanguage2.5Theacquisitionoflanguage,.,10,2.1Thedefinitionoflanguage,Thequestion“whatislanguage?”iscomparablewithand,somewouldsay,hardlylessprofoundthan“whatislife?”-JohnLyons,Howdoyoudefinelanguage?,.,11,列宁(论民族自治)：Languageisthemostimportanttoolforhumancommunication.Chomsky(1957):asetof(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.Sapir(1921):Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotions,anddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.,.,12,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.-胡壮麟,.,13,“language”usedinvariouscontexts(pp.10-11,No.1),ChineseisalanguageLinguisticsisthesystematicstudyoflanguage.BothJaneandJohnlikeShakespeareslanguage.thelanguageofbees,.,14,Languagecontributestothesuccessofoureverydaylifeandthesurvivalofhumanbeings.Discussion:Whatfunctionsdoeslanguageserveforourlifeandsurvival?,2.2Thefunctionsoflanguage,.,15,Humansaresaidtobelanguageanimals.Butwhatifwehumanslivedwithoutlanguage?Therearesome6,800knownlanguagesspokeninthe200countriesoftheworld.In2003,thetotalnumberoflanguagesintheworldwasestimatedtobe6,809,ofwhich2,261havewritingsystems(theothersareonlyspoken).Whatiftherewereonlyonelanguagetheworldover?(P.11No.2),.,16,Somecommonfunctionsoflanguage,phatic:Hello!directive:Getoutofmyway!informative:Terrogative:Doyouknowhishobby?expressive:Ihateher.evocative:HowdoyoulikeJack?performative:Ierpersonal:Tommy,DearFriendrecreational:humor;rhyming;punsmetalinguistic:whatImeanis;inotherwords,.,17,Discussion:PP.16-17No.5,.,18,PP.12-13No.6,2.3Theoriginoflanguage,.,19,2.4Thedefiningfeaturesoflanguage,Alsocalleddesignfeatures(C.F.Hockett,ACourseinModernLinguistics,1958)a.creativity“creativity”,sometimesalso“productivity”,meansthepropertywhichmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsymbols,i.e.ofsignalsthathavenotbeenpreviouslyencountered.Ofcourse,thepropertyofcreativityisrule-governedaccordingtoChomsky.Thus,thecreativityinlinguisticsisdifferentfromthatinart,whichmeansbreakingrules.,.,20,b.arbitrarinessTheterm“arbitrary”heremeanssomethinginexplicableintermsofsomemoregeneralprinciples.Itisimpossibletopredictthemeaningfromtheform,orviceversa.wordformmeaningDiscuss:P.12No.5,.,21,Question:,Bythispropertydowemeanthatapersoncanusethelanguageasfreelyaswelike?Howaboutargot?Howaboutonomatopeicwords?PP.11-12No.4Howaboutwordslikeflow,float,flood,fluent,etc.?P.17No.6Otherexamples:J-:joy,jovial,jubilate,joyous,joyful,jubilantGl-:glow,glisten,gleam,glare,glint,glimmer,glitter,.,22,c.dualityofstructure/doublearticulationb-o-o-k(meaninglesssegments:lowerlevel,secondary)-Book(meaningfulunit:higherlevel,primary),.,23,Question:Whyisthispropertygenerallyassumedascentraltolanguage?Doesanimallanguagehavethisproperty?Howisthisrelatedtocommunicativepower?,.,24,d.displacementThispropertygiverisetotheflexibilityandversatilityoflanguage.Communicationbymeansoflanguageisconstrainedneitherbytimenorbyspace.Question:Whatadvantagesdoesthispropertyoflanguageyield?Howabouttheothercommunicationsystems?,.,25,e.culturaltransmissionAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtoanotherbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Question:Canwedenythathumanlanguagehasageneticbasis?Whatistheimplicationofthestoryabout“wolfchild”?WhataboutthosepatientswithneurologicallesionsinareaslikeBrocaarea(namedafteraFrenchscientist)andWernickearea(namedafteraGermanscientist)aphasia?,.,26,Whatalllanguagesseemtoshare,P.15No.12,.,27,Whatdowemeanby“knowingalanguage”?*/bdek/*enblack*Hemelaughat.*ThefatheroftheorphanisinBeijing.A:SorryIbrokeyourglass.*B:Thankyou.,.,28,2.5Theacquisitionoflanguage,L1acquisitionissaidtohavethefollowingfeatures:a.universallysuccessful;b.withoutexplicitinstruction(teacher,textbook,school,syllabus,etc.);c.rapid(0-4yearsold);d.conditional(i.exposure;ii.criticalperiod1.5-4yearsold;iii.nomentaldeficiency).,.,29,L1acquisitiongenerallyfallsintosomestages:a.babblingperiod:birth-around6months,producesomesounds;b.syllabicspeechperiod:around8months,syllablesreplacebabbledsounds,likemama;c.single-wordstage:around1yearold,firstwords,nogrammar;carryoutsimplecommands;d.onsetofspeech:18months,morewords(3-50words);,.,30,e.two-wordutterancesstage:2yearsold,cannamemostthingsaroundhim;beginhisowncreationoftwo-wordphrases(earlystageofgrammar),pivotwords+openwords,e.g.Mummysock;f.full-understandingstage:2.5yearsold,e.g.daddykickball;g.nearadult-speech:3yearsold;overgeneralizationofinflections;h.adultspeech:4yearsold.,.,31,DiscussPP.13-14:No.7,8,9,.,32,Assignments,1.Reviewthemajorpointsofthislecture.2.Forthevariousfunctionsoflanguagediscussedinclass,useoneexampleofyourowntoillustrateeach.Submityourassignmenttothee-class,.,33,Form“studyandresearch”groups(4-5personsfor1group).Eachgroupdrawsatopicoutofthefollowing:a.WordformationinEnglishWeek3b.InterrogativesentencesinEnglishWeek4c.PhaticcommunioninEnglishandChinese寒暄Week5d.ThenamingofpeopleinEnglishWeek6e.MetonymyinEnglishWeek7f.ComplimentingandrespondingtocomplimentsinEnglishWeek8g.Strategiesfordoingface-threateningactsinEnglishWeek9h.EuphemismsinEnglishWeek10i.ThechangeofEnglishWeek11j.ChinglishWeek12,.,34,Themembersofeachgroupmustworktogetherwhencollectingmaterials,preparingthePPT,andpresentingthereport.Eachpresentationistolastabout20minutes.EachPPTmustbesenttotheteacherforcommentsandadviceONEweakpriortothereport.,.,35,Lecture3ThesoundsofEnglish,.,36,ReviewWhatarethemajordefiningfeaturesthatnaturallanguagespossess?,.,37,Majorcontents,3.1Linguisticsanditsbranches3.2Vowelsandconsonants3.3Phones,phonemes,andallophones3.4Phonologicalrules3.5Englishsyllables3.6Stress,tone,andintonation,.,38,3.1Linguisticsanditsbranches,In1916,FerdinanddeSaussuresCourseinGeneralLinguisticswaspublished,whichmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.,.,39,Summary,TraditionallinguisticsModernlinguisticsparolelanguewrittenlanguagespokenlanguagediachronicsynchronicprescriptivedescriptiveatomismstructuralismparticularityuniversalityindividuality,.,40,Branchesoflinguistics,Corebranches:phonetics,phonology,semantics,syntax,(pragmatics)Peripheralbranches(hyphenatedones):socio-linguistics,psycho-linguistics,neuro-linguistics,etc.appliedlinguistics:languagetesting,stylistics,discourseanalysis,textlinguistics,computationlinguistics,etc.,.,41,Phoneticsvs.phonology,Thestudyofsoundsusedinspeech(i.e.speechsounds)fallsunderthescopeofbothphoneticsandphonology.Phoneticsdealsmainlywiththecharacteristicsofhumanspeechsoundsandsound-making,providesmethodsforthedescription,classification,andtranscriptionofthespeechsounds.Phonologyisconcernedwiththeexplorationofthepatternsgoverningsoundcombinations.,.,42,Branchesofphonetics,a.articulatoryphonetics,whichstudiesspeechorgansandhowspeechsoundsaremade(articulated)bythevocalorgans.ourmajorconcernb.acousticphonetics,whichstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.c.auditoryphonetics,whichstudiestheperceptionofspeechsounds.,.,43,3.2vowelsandconsonants,Inpronouncingconsonants,theairstreamfromthelungsthroughthemouthistotallyorpartiallyobstructedsomewherealongthepath.Inpronouncingvowels,theairstreamisnotobstructedanywherealongthepath.,.,44,a.Functionally,vowelsarethebasisofsyllables.b.Physically,vowelsaremusical.c.Articulatorily,forvowels,airstreamisnotobstructed,andspeechorgansaretense.,.,45,Discuss:P.38No.1,.,46,ClassificationofEnglishvowels,Criteriai)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)ii)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)iii)thedegreeoflip-rounding(rounded,unrounded)iv)longorshortv)tenseorlax,.,47,P.28Figure2.2,.,48,Voweldescription,/i:/:high,front,unrounded,long,tense/i/:high,front,unrounded,short,lax/:/:low,back,unrounded,long,tense/c:/:mid,back,rounded,long,tense/:mid,central,unrounded,lax/:/:mid,central,unrounded,long,tensePractice:Describethesound/u:/and/.,.,49,/u:/:high,back,rounded,tense,long/:low,front,unrounded,lax,.,50,ClassifyingEnglishconsonants,criteriai)mannerofarticulation(degreeofobstruction:complete,partialoramerenarrowing)ii)placefarticulation(thepartsofvocaltongueinvolvedintheproduction),.,51,P.29Table2.2,.,52,3.3Phones,phonemes,andallophones,Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatternsoflanguage(i.e.howsoundsarearrangedtoformmeaningfulunits)andthefunctionofeachsound.Itrevealswhatarethepossiblecombinationsofsoundsinalanguageandexplainswhycertainwordstaketheformtheydo.,.,53,Phone音素,phone:thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeechi)phoneticunitii)notdistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith,.,54,Phoneme音位,theminimalunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.Withphonemes,weestablishthepatternsoforganizationwithintheinfinitelylargenumberofsounds.Eachlanguagecanbeshowntooperatewitharelativelysmallnumberofphonemes(15-80).Notwolanguageshavethesamephonemicsystem.,.,55,Phoneme音位,i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith/.Discuss:P.33No.1,.,56,Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.Minimalset:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc.,.,57,Allophone音位变体,allophone:phonicvariants/realizationsofaphonemeAphonemeisrealizedasallophone1+allophone2+.e.g./p/=ph+p+p(unreleased)/l/=l+,.,58,Discuss,PP.33-34No.2No.4,.,59,3.4Phonologicalrules,Phonologicalpatterningisrule-governed.blikandkilb,thoughnotfoundinEnglish,canbepossiblecombinations,whilekbilorlkibcannot.Sequentialrulesarethosethataccountforthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Theyarelanguage-specific,asinthefollowingcases:*tlaitiltrit,.,60,Sequentialrule,Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldfollowtheorder/sequencebelow:a.Thefirstphonememustbe/s/b.Thesecondphonememustbe/p/,/t/or/k/c.Thethirdphonememustbe/l/,/r/,or/w/.spring,string,squirrel,split,screen,.,61,ConsonantclustersinEnglishattheinitialposition:,Question:Whatabouttheconsonantclusterinthefinalposition?,.,62,Assimilationrule,Asoundmaychangebyassimilating/copyingafeatureofasequential/neighboringsound,e.g.impossible,irresistible,illegalin-PP.34-35No.5Question:Whatotherexamples?sink/sincepancakesunglassesfivepastsevenhasto,.,63,Deletionrule,Asoundmaybedeletedeventhoughitmaybeorthographicallyrepresented.P.35No.7,.,64,.,65,3.5EnglishSyllables,syllableonsetrimenuclearcodaconsonant(s)vowelconsonant(s),.,66,3.6Stress,tone