非谓语动词作定语和状语

一非谓语动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别：【知识点拨】 1不定式作定语 不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名 词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示 该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词. 例如：Lets first find a room to live in / to put the things in. We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.) 不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语, 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 例如：I have a lot of things to do today. ( I . do . things) 2-ing分词作定语 单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。 例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping ) a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) the boy standing there ( = the boy who is standing there ) The girl singing is my classmate. -ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。 例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher? Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk yesterday? 3-ed分词作定语 -ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作, -ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 例如：a developed/developing country He is a student loved by all the teachers. The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 4像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground. The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world. 【知识过关】 1. The computer center,_last year, is very popular among the students. in the school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 2. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invitedB. to invite C. being invitedD. had been invited 3. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followedB. following C. to be followedD. being followed 4. Do you know the boy_ under the big tree? A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 5. Are you going to attend the meeting _ tomorrow? A. to be held B. being held C. will be heldD. held 、不定式作定语不定式作定语一般有以下四种情形：用于个体名词后，被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语,同时句子的主语也是不定式动作的执行者。这种情况下使用不定式的一般体：例题Icantfindachair_.A.tositB.fortositonC.tositonD.forsittingImnotsurewhichrestaurant_.A.toeatatB.eatingatC.toeatonD.foreating用于个体名词后，被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语,但强调的是不定式动作的执行者、发生的时间或地点时，用不定式一般体的被动形式：例题FIFAhasnamedthe36refereesforthe2012FIFAWorldCup_bySouthKoreaandJapan.A.tobeco-hostedB.co-hostedC.beingco-hostedD.co-h题Whatcountriesdoyouthinkwillberepresentedatthesix-sidepeacetalk_inBeijingnextmonth?A.toholdB.holdingC.beingheldD.tobeheld用于个体名词后，和被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑主语：例题Sheisthefirstperson_theidea.A.thinkofB.thinkingofC.tothinkofD.thoughtofThisreportisurgent.Weneedsomeone_withthetyping.A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpedD.tobehelped、现在分词作定语现在分词作定语时，要注意分词所表示动作发生的时间。大体说来，有下面两种情况：分词表示正在进行的动作，改为定语从句时要用进行时态：例题Idontknowtheman_overthere.A.tostandB.standingC.stoodD.beingstoodItseemsthatIoncemetwiththeman_us.A.servedB.beingservedC.tohaveservedD.serving如果分词和被修饰名词呈现被动关系，而且，所指动作此刻正在发生，或者是和谓语所表示的动作同时发生，就用现在分词一般体的被动形式：例题Theoldman_hasbeenillformonths.A.tooperateonB.operateonC.operatedD.beingoperatedonTheThreeGorgeproject_nowonthemiddlereachesofYangtseRiveristhebiggestdamofitskind.、过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时，分词表示的动作不仅和所修饰的名词呈被动关系，同时，要么发生于谓语动作之前，要么没有一定的时间性：例题 Fromthedates_onthegoldcoin,wedecidedthatitwasmadefivehundredyearsago.A.markingB.markedC.tobemarkedD.havingbeenmarked例题 Anyapplicantform_properlywillnotbeacceptedbythecompany.A.notfilled B.nottobefilledC.notbeingfilledD.nothavingbeenfilled例题 Theamountofmoney_fortheseriouslysickchildwassooncollected. 2-ing分词和-ed分词作状语 -ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑 上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。 例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing. Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old. -ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语, 其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。 例如:Being so poor in those days, they couldnt send the boy to school.(原因) Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因) 3-ing分词有时可作结果状语。 例如：Her husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children. We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time. 4-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。 例如：Given more time, we could have done it much better. 【知识过关】 1. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 2. Cant you read? Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing 3不定式作原因状语用作原因状语的不定式一般放于句末，偶尔也见于句首。说明谓语动作或状态产生的原因：现在分词作状语使用现在分词作状语时，分词动作的执行者必须是句子的主语。通常有以下三种题型：1作伴随状语，表示分词动作同句子谓语动词所表示动作同时进行：【例题6】_themerrytune,Jackfixedthetire.A.WhistlingB.TowhistleC.WhistledD.Havingbeenwhistled2作原因状语。例如：【名题8】_good,thefoodwassoldoutsoon.A.TastingB.TastedC.BeingtastedD.Havingbeentasted3作时间状语，相当于when引起的从句：【名题10】_thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree_outofherlife.A.Seeing;frightenedB.Seeing;frighteningC.Seen;frightenedD.Tosee;frightening如果两个动作是同时发生，多用when或while加分词这种结构,例：Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheroom,sheforgottolockthedoor.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况，通常有以下几种题型：1.作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句：_inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose2.表示一个假设情况，相当于一个条件从句：_inthisway,thesituationdoesntseemsodisappointing.A.TolookatB.LookedatC.LookingatD.Tobelookedat3 In order to protect our planet, _ A. all kinds of pollution should be reduced B. we should reduce all kinds of pollution C. the environment should be protected first D. its important to protect our environment4 The foreign tourists have visited many scenic spots in Shanghai, _ as interpreter. A. the guide actsB. the guide acting C. acting D. acted5 While listening to pop music, _. A. she felt asleep B. the light went out