管理科学与工程课件

Unit05TheLightattheEndoftheChunnel,Backgroundknowledge,TheEnglishChannel:commonlycalledtheChannel,isanarmoftheAtlanticOceanseparatingthesoutherncoastofEnglandfromthenortherncoastofFrance,andconnectingtheAtlanticinthewestwiththeNorthSeaontheeastviatheStraitofDover.Itis34to240km.(21-150miles)wideand560km.(350miles)long.TheChannelisatitsnarrowestbetweenDoverinEnglandandCapeGris-Nez,nearCalais,inFrance,itbeing34km.(21miles)wide.Itsaveragedepthdecreasesfrom120to45meters(400-150feet).,MapoftheEnglishChannel,MapoftheEnglishChannel,TheChannelTunnel(Chunnel),Backgroundknowledge,Fromearliesttimes,theChannelservedasaroutefor,andabarrierto,invaderstoBritainfromtheContinent.ItwascrossedbyJuliusCaesarslegionin55B.C.andNormanforcesin1066.However,whenNapoleonandHitlerthreatenedtocrossit,theyfailed.Therefore,theChannelhaschieflyservedasaphysicalbarriertotheinvasionofBritain.TransportationacrosstheChannelusedtobesuppliedbyferryboatserviceonly.,Backgroundknowledge,Thelong-lastingAnglo-FrenchconflictIn1066,William,DukeofNormandy,France,conqueredEnglandandbecameKingWilliamIofEngland.AftertheNormanConquest,FrenchmannersandculturepredominatedamongtheEnglishnobles.In1154KingHenryIIrecoveredtheEnglishthrone.ThereaftertheholdingsofEnglishkingsinFranceweregreatlyincreased.Atonetime,FranceassistedScotland,overwhichtheEnglishkingsattemptedtodominate.Thesesourcesoffrictionledtointermittentfightingbetweenthetwocountriesfrom1294to1337.,Backgroundknowledge,In1337,EdwardIIIofEngland(1327-1377)tookthetitleofKingofFrance.ThisstepbegantheHundredYearsWarwhichcontinuedonandoffuntil1453.EarlyintheconflicttheEnglishcrushedtheFrench,butbytheendofEdwardsreigntheFrenchhadreconqueredalmostalltheterritoryEdwardhadwon.Fightingbetweenthetwocountriescontinuedinthefourteenthandthefifteenthcentury.DuringKingHenryVIIIsreign(1509-1547),EnglandagaininvadedFranceandexpandeditholdingsaroundCalais.,Backgroundknowledge,From1689to1815therewasaseriesofconflictsbetweenBritainandFrancefordominationoftheNorthAmericancontinent.TheprincipalobjectiveoftheBritishgovernmentwastodrivetheFrenchoutofNorthAmericaonceandforall.ThemaritimeandcolonialstrugglebetweenBritainandFranceforworldempireandtrade,whichbeganin1689,lasteduntilthefinaldefeatofNapoleonatWaterlooin1815.ItwasaboutthistimethatthelongduelbetweenBritainandFrancewasover.,Backgroundknowledge,TheChannelTunnelProjectTheChannelTunnelProjectistheschemeforanunder-oceantunnellinkingBritainandFrance,whichhasbeendiscussedongovernmentallevelsforalmost200years.ThefirstproposalforaChannelTunnelcamein1802fromaFrenchengineer.Napoleonshowedinterest,buttherenewalofthewarsuspendedthequestion,which,however,wastakenupagainandagainthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.TheproponentsoftheprojectweregenerallyFrench,withtheBritishgovernmentholdingoffforsecurityreasons.,Backgroundknowledge,Intheearly1880s,diggingactuallybegannearFolkestone,Kent,England,andSangate,France.Apilottunnel2000yardslongwasboredfromtheEnglishsidebeforearagefromthepressovertheallegedthreattoBritainssecuritycausedtheBritishgovernmenttocanceltheproject.,Backgroundknowledge,Thedefenceconsiderationsremaineddecisiveuntilthe1950s,whenthemissileagemadeitappearobsolete.TheChannelTunnelStudyGroupwasformedanditpublishedin1960aproposalforarailtunnelfromFolkstonetoCalais.In1964thetwogovernmentsagreedtoproceedwitharailtunnel.Afterfrequentextensionsoftheestimatedcompletiondate,withcostsconstantlyrising,theBritishgovernmentcancelledtheprojectearlyin1975,leavingtwoandahalfkilometersofpreliminarydiggingonbothsidesoftheChannel.In1978thematterofaChannelcrossingwasagainraised.,Backgroundknowledge,Atlonglast,constructionbeganagaininDecember1978,andafterseveryearsofunremittingtoil,theChunnelwascompletedatthecostof13.5billiondollars.,TheChunnelunderConstruction,RailStringAssembly,Typesofthetext,ThetextisafeaturereportwhichintroducesoneofthesignificanttransportconstructionprojectsinthemodernhistoryofEuropeanarchitecture.ThisreportincludesdifferentopinionstowardtheChunnel,theopinionsofthelocalresidentsofbothsidesoftheEnglishChannel,aswellasthecommentsoftheconstructiontunnellers.,Structureofthetext,Thetextconsistsoftwoparts:PartIdescribestheattitudesoftheEnglishandtheFrenchpeopletowardstheChunnel;PartIIdescribesbrieflythebreakthroughceremonyforthesouthrunningtunnel.,Styleofthetext,Thetextfollowstheorganizationofatypicaljournalisticfeaturereport:a)Ashortopeningparagraphsetsthescene,inwhichthethesisisstatedinthesecondsentence:”Forthefirsttimesincetheiceage,EnglandwasabouttobelinkedtoFrance.”b)ImmediatelyfollowingtheopeningparagraphistheunbiasedpresentationoftheopinionsofbothEnglishandFrenchlocalresidentsacrosstheEnglishChannel.,Styleofthetext,c)ThetextthenproceedswiththereportingoftheofficiallyscheduledChunnelinaugurationtoshowthedeterminationandinitiativeendeavouroftheBritishandFrenchGovernmentstoconnectBritainwiththerestofEurope,inordertoemphasizethesignificanceoftheproject.d)Aftertheintentionaldelaytocreatesuspense,theauthorintroducesthetunnelproperandthehistoricalcontributionsandbenefitsofthistunnelthoroughfare.,Styleofthetext,e)Muchofthereport,then,isdevotedtothereal-timeaccountoftheexcitingworkatthebreakthroughsiteoftheChunnel,anaccountbasedontheauthorspersonalexperienceandfirst-handinformation.F)ThereportendsupwithrevealingthebusinessworriesonthepartoftheChunnelauthorities,whowereconcernedwith,butnotwithouthope,thebusinessofthetunneltransport:promotionworkwasexpectedtofacilitatetheeffectiveuseoftheChunnelonthepartoftheFrenchpopulation.,Questions,HowdidtheEnglishandtheFrenchpeoplelookattheChunnel,joyouslyorresentfully?Whydoyouthinkso?Howdoyouvisualizethebreakthroughceremony?Exerciseyourimagination.,PartIParagraph17,Question1:WhatdidanEnglishcouplesayabouttheFrenchpeople,andwhatdidaFrenchmansayabouttheEnglishpeople?Whydoyouthinktheyshowedamutualfeelingofdislike?,AnEnglishretiredcivilservantsaidthathedratherhaveEnglandbecomethe51ststateoftheU.S.A.thanhavehiscountrylinkedtoFrance.HeaddedthattheFrenchdidntcareforanybody.HiswifesaidthatFrancewasanawfulplaceandthattheFrenchpeopledrankwineallthetime.ShedislikedFrenchfoodandpreferredtohaveEnglishsaucewithherfood.Inthemeantime,aFrenchfarmercomplainedaboutEnglishketchupandabouttheirnothavinganygoodwine.TheBritishandtheFrenchdislikedeachotherbecausetherehadbeenlongyearsofconflictbetweenthetwocountries.,DetailedStudyoftheStory,1.nottwomilesfromthesoon-to-be-openedEnglishChannelTunnel,Compoundadjectives1)thesoon-to-be-openedEnglishChannelTunnel(lines1-2)means“thatistobeopenedsoon”e.g.aneasy-to-performtrickadifficult-to-usecamerathesoon-to-be-completedMetro2)Gull-wingmeans“likethewingsofthegull”.e.g.ababy-foodstoreamountain-tophutcity-reconstructiondiscussions,3)Cross-Channel-linkmeans“buildingalinkthatcrossestheChannel”.e.g.akeep-fit-classscheduleacross-border-raidthreat4)31-mile-longe.g.aten-year-oldboyathree-inch-thickbooka3-hour-longjourney,stiffupperlipstrembled:(keep/carry/have)astiffupperlip:(show)theabilitytoappearcalmandunworriedwheninpain,trouble,etc（遇痛苦、困难等时）（表现）沉着而坚强的能力，咬紧牙关。e.g.Theprisonerstriedhardtokeepastiffupperlipinspiteofthehardshipsoftheprison.Wemanagedtokeepastiffupperlipwhenthecompanyannouncedthattheywouldclosedownouroffice.Onefailuremeansnothing.Youvegottokeepastiffupperlip.此短语用板起的脸孔替换隐藏悲伤或害怕这种性格特征，使用了metonymy（换喻，转喻）的修辞手法。,Metonymy:Itssubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitscloselyassociated.Thusthecrowncanstandforaking,andtheWhiteHousefortheAmericangovernment,thebottleforwineoralcohol,andthebarforthelegalprofession.Whenmetonymyiswellused,brevityandvividnessmaybeachieved:,Stiffupperlips:theabilitytoacceptbadluckorunpleasanteventswithoutappearingupset.ThisisthoughttobetypicalofBritishpeople,especially,theupperclassBritishpeople.E.g.Britishmenaretaughttokeepastiffupperlipandshownoemotion.Herethewriterusestherhetoricaldevicecalledsynecdoche:usingthenameofapartofsborsthtomeanthewhole.E.g.thefactoryneedshands(hands=menwhodomanuallabor)Afleetof50sails(afleetof50ships),英语中的metonymy和另外两个修辞格synecdoche(提喻,以局部代表全部和以全部指部分,如以bread代表food;用thearmy代表asoldier)和antonomasia(代称,换称。如:称awiseman为aSolomon;hisHonor为ajudge)都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的“借代”这一修辞格。如city（城市）代替“城市居民”；crown（王冠）喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）往往可以喻指姑娘，宝贝儿等。1）秃头站在白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰，去研究背心上的文字。（鲁迅示众）Baldy,standingalmostdirectlyoppositeWhiteJerkin,stoopedtostudythecharacterswrittenonhisjerkin.3）Hiswifespentallherlifeonthestage.(=theatricalprofession)他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。（=戏剧工作，表演艺术）,4）Paperandinkcutthethroatsofmen,andthesoundofabreathmanyshaketheworld.(=writtenwords;speech)纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。（纸墨=写几个字）；（嗓音=说几句话）5）Thepenismightierthanthesword.笔杆子比刀剑更有力。（=文章）6）Hisjokesetthewholetableinaroar.他的笑话引起满座哄堂大笑。（桌子代替一桌人）,课文中用代表英国人的性格特征的面部特征代替英国人，这种一局部代表全部的方法称为（Synecdoche提喻法，举隅法）Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied:1）Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好办事。（synecdoche-用手代替人）2）Hehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs.3）SomemuteingloriousShellyheremayrest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。（antonomasia-用雪莱代替诗人）,3.Aniceageisanypointofseveralperiodswhenglaciers,especiallyintheformofgreaticesheets,coveredmoreoftheearthssurfacethantheydotoday.冰川期.Eachiceagelastedatleastthreemillionyears,mostoftheearlieroneslastedmorethan10millionyears.TodayweliveinawarmperiodduringorjustaftertheQuaternaryiceage第四纪冰川期whichwasinthePleistoceneEpoch更新世，beginning2.5millionyearsago.Itsbelievedthatalloftheearlydevelopmentofhumanscameduringthislasticeageandcivilizationhascomeintoexistenceasitsresult.“Forthefirsttimesincetheworldbegantoexist”clearlythisisanexaggeration.,4.IdratherEnglandbecomethe51ststate.(Grammar)e.g.Idratheryoustayedwithusovertheweekend.HedratherJohnhadntcalledonhim5.aretiredcivilservantwithacomplexionthecolorofrubyport.Civilservant:apersonemployedinthecivilserviceorthegovernmentdepartments.公务员，文职人员Para:aretiredgovernmentofficialwhosefaceisredcolored,typicalofapersonlivingbythesea.Acomplexion与thecolorofrubyport为同位语。,6.HenoddedtowardthesteelgrayChanneloutthewindow,hispaleblueeyesfilledwithforeboding.Henoddedhispaleblueeyesfilledwithforebodinganominativeabsoluteconstructione.g.Theworkdone,welefttheofficewithalightheart.Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.Itbeingaholiday,theparkwascrowdedwithpeople.一独立主格结构含义独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absoluteconstruction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。,二、独立主格结构的形式独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。1）名词代词形容词Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident，myheartfullofworry我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。Hestoodsilentinthemoon-light，hisdooropen月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。,2）名词代词现在分词Wintercoming，itgetscolderandcolder冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。Therainhavingstopped，hewentoutforawalk雨停了，他出去散步。3）名词代词过去分词Moretimegiven，weshouldhavedoneitmuchbetter如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。Theboystoodthere，hisrighthandraised那个男生站在那里，右手高举。,4）名词代词（主格）不定式Herearethefirsttwovolumes，thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。Thetwoboyssaidgood-byetoeachother，onetogohome，theothertogotohisfriends两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。5）名词代词十介词短语Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest，guninhand那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意：这里，guninhand还可以说成withaguninhishand，但不可以说aguninhand或guninhishand。,6）名词代词十副词Nobodyin，thethieftookalotofthingsaway由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。Lunchover，heleftthehouseButhewasthinking午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。7）名词代词名词Hefoughtthewolf，astickhisonlyweapon他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。,8）with复合结构它的构成是：“with宾语宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。HolmsandWatsonsatwiththelightonforhalfanhour福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）Heusedtosleepwiththedooropen他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）Withaboyleadingtheway，theystartedtowardsthevillage由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）Withtheworkdone，hewenthome工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）,7,asthegull-wingeyebrowsshotupward.Para:whenheraisedhiseyebrowssuddenlywhichwereasthickasthewingsofaseagull.此处gull-wingeyebrows为一暗喻，比喻老人的眉毛浓密。(metaphor)Ababy-foodstore,amountain-tophutAcity-constructiondiscussion8.theententewasscarcelymorecordialeEntenteandcordialearebothFrenchwordsmeaning“understanding”and“friendly”respectively.,Themeaningofsentence:TheunderstandingontheothersideoftheChannelwashardlymorefriendly,inotherwords,theunderstandingisjustasunfriendly.Theuseisareferencetoahistoricalevent.Aswasmentionedbefore,conflictsbetweenBritainandFrancehadbeenincessantforcenturies.Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,BritainandFrancewereagainonthevergeofwar.In1901,however,thingstookaturnforthebetter,asKingVIIofGreatBritainwasaFrancophile(i.e.,apersonwhoisfriendlytoFrance).Thewaywasopenedforagreementsbetweenthetwocountries,andtheEntenteCordiale,afriendlyunderstanding,wasarrivedat.,修辞手法：allusion（典故）Allusionisashort,informalreferencetoafamouspersonorevent:Angryyoungman义愤怒的青年源据英国文学史，愤怒的青年源出L.A保罗(LeslieAllenPaul)的一本同名自传，后因剧作家约翰奥斯本的剧本愤怒的回顾（LookingBackinAnger）而流传。今指战后英国对社会现有体制不满的一代青年。例Idontwanttotheconventiontothinkwerejustacollectionofangryyoungmen.(J.F.Kennedy)我不愿这次会议将我们视作只是一群愤怒的青年。,Alice-in-Wonderland义想入非非的；不合逻辑的；自相矛盾的源出自英国著名作家刘易斯卡洛尔（LewisCarroll）的同名小说爱丽丝漫游奇境记(AliceinWonderland)例ThisisanAlice-inWonderlandapproachtotheproblem.这种研究问题的方法实在是太想入非非了。注常作形容词用,Appleofhiseye义瞳仁；珍爱的人（物）。（古人认为瞳仁像苹果一样，是固体圆球，对于人十分宝贵，故用比喻珍贵之人或物）源当耶和华发现雅各(Jacob)“在旷野荒凉野兽吼叫之地，就环绕他，看顾他，如同保护眼中的瞳仁”。（圣经申命记）“inthewastehowlingwildernessheledhimabout,heinstructedhim,hekepthimastheappleofhiseye”.(Bible.Deut.32:10)例Isacrificedeverythingtomakeyouhappyandsafe.Iwonttalkaboutyourfather,butyou,youweretheappleofmyeyes.为了使你生活平安幸福，我曾牺牲了一切，我不谈你父亲，但你，你那时是我的宝贝。（B考卜斯：彼得曼的梦）,9.avillageabeetfieldawayfromtheFrenchterminal:avillagewhichisonlyashortdistanceawayfromtheFrenchterminal.Abeetfieldisafieldwherebeet,arootvegetable,isplanted;itcantbeverybig.,10.Alltheyeatisketchup.Ketchup:KetchupisaChinesewordinorigin.IntheAmoydialectofsoutheasternChina,koechiapmeansbrineoffish.ItwasacquiredbyEnglish,probablyviaMalaykichap,towardtheendofthe17thcentury,whenitwasusuallyspelledcatchup(theNewDictionaryoftheCantingCrew1690definesitasahighEast-IndiaSauce).Shortlyafterwardthespellingcatsupcameintovogue(JonathanSwiftisthefirstonrecordasusingit,in1730),anditremainsthemainforminAmericanEnglish.ButinBritainketchuphasgraduallyestablisheditselfsincetheearly18thcentury.,11.Atinyexplosionofairfrompursedlips,thenthecoupdegrace.Pursedlips:噘起的嘴巴Coupdegrace:(French)adecisivefinishingblow致命的一击,Paragraph8,12.byegraceofoneoftheengineeringfeatsofthecentury,forrichorpoorer,betterorworse,EnglandandFrancearegettinghitched.bygraceof:dueto,bythefavorof.TheusualphraseisbythegraceofGod,meaning“owingtothefavorshownbyGod”.forricherorpoorer,betterorworse:Whetheronelikesitornot;whateverhappens./Nomatteronelikesitornot.Feats:impressiveanddifficultachievements,Theliteralmeaningofthetwophrasesis:“ontermsofacceptingallresults”,or“itsnotcertainwhattheconsequenceswillbe,buttheywillhavetobeaccepted,becausetheactionhasbeentaken.”Para:Thankstooneoftheremarkableconstructionachievementsofthe20thcentury,whetheronelikesitornot,EnglandandFranceareonthewayofgettinggeographicallyconnected.,ChannelTunnelInauguration,OnMay7th,1994,FranceandBritainopenedaneweraintheirhistoryofconflict.TheFrenchPresidentandtheBritishQueencuttheribbonatthededicationceremonyfortheChunnel.,13.QueenElizabethofBritain:ElizabethII(1926-),queenoftheUnitedKingdom(1952-)14.PresidentFrancoisMitterrand:(1916-1996)becamePresidentofFranceinMay1981.15.inaugurate:a.Whenanewleaderisinaugurated,theyareformallygiventheirnewpositionatanofficialceremony.e.g.ThenewpresidentwillbeinauguratedonJanuary20.b.Whenanewbuildingorinstitutionisinaugurated,itisdeclaredopeninaformalceremony.e.g.Anewcenterforresearchontoxicwastewasinauguratedtodayatouruniversity.c.Ifyouinaugurateanewsystemorservice,youstartit.e.g.PanAminauguratedthefirstscheduledinternationalflight.,Fact,Thetunnelconsistsof3interconnectedtubes:1railtrackeachwayplus1servicetunnel.Itslengthis31miles,ofwhich23milesareunderwater.Itsaveragedepthis150feetundertheseabed.ThechannelcrossingtimeforEurostarisonly20minutes.,Question2Withhelpoftheinformationgiveninthenotes,explainthefollowing:1)200yearsoffailedcross-Channel-linkschemes,and2)1,000yearsofhistoricalrift.1):TheChannelTunnelProjecthadbeendiscussedbetweenBritainandFranceongovernmentallevelsforalmosttwohundredyears.Itwasin1802thatthefirstproposalforaChannelTunnelwasputforwardthenineteenthcenturyandforthemostpartofthetwentiethcentury.Itdidnotcometofruitionuntilthelastdecadeofthetwentiethcentury.2)BeginningwithNormanConquestin1066untiltheearlynineteenthcentury,therehadbeenincessantconflictsbetweenGreatBritainandFrance.Allinalltherewasariftbetweenthetwocountriesforaboutonethousandyears.(Seethedetailsinthenotes),16.sweepingaside200yearsoffailedcross-Channel-linkschemes,1000yearsofhistoricalrift,and8000yearsofgeographicdivide:para:accordingtothetheoryofgeologicalevolution,theecologicallyimportantlandbridgeacrosstheStraitofDoverwasfinallysubmergedabout8000yearsago.此处使用了层进(climax)的修辞手法，历史年代的逐步追溯使读者对这一事件的重大意义印象深刻；这种按照词义的轻重深浅，逐层依次递进，最后达到顶点的修辞手段，可以逐步加深读者印象，迅速达到高潮，最后揭示主旨，往往使文章文才斐然，震撼人心。,Paragraph9,Question3HowwilltheChunnelfacilitatethetransportbetweenGreatBritainandFrance,orrather,betweenGreatBritainandotherEuropeancountries?ItwillgreatlyfacilitatethetransportbetweenGreatBritainandFrance.Forexample,foramotoristtocrosstheEnglishChannel,hecanusetheChunnelShuttleServiceandcrosstheChannelinonly35minutes,asagainst90minutesbyferrybefore.ThethroughserviceprovidedbyEurostarpassengertrainstakesonly3hourstotravelfromLondontoParis,and3hours10minutesfromLondontoBrussels,Belgium.,Paragraph10,Howdoyouunderstandthefollowingsentence?17.Thechunnelrewritesgeography,atleastintheEnglishpsyche.Themoathasbeenbreached.Britainnolongerisanisland.Answer:,TheEnglishChunnelhadservedasabarriertoinvasionofBritainforcenturies,andinvasionbytunnelwasatonetime“theultimateBritishnightmare”(NationalGeographic,May1994,p.39).Asamatteroffact,whenevertheideaofalinkbetweenthetwocountriesemerged,therealsoappearedvisionsofinvasion,andproposalsforalinksimplyfoundered.ButthecompletionoftheChunnelhasnowjoinedBritaintotheEuropeancontinent.Inotherwords,Britainisnolongeranisland.Thusthegeographicalconditioniscompletelychanged,especiallytoth