跨文化交际-文化碰撞(PPT2).ppt

InterculturalCommunication,CulturesinContrast:CaseStudies,InterculturalCommunication,CulturesinContrast:CaseStudies,LectureOneCommunicationacrossCulturesLectureTwoInterculturalPerceptionLectureThreeInterculturalUnderstandingLectureFourInterculturalAdaptation,LectureTwoInterculturalPerception,Lead-in,Whatdoescultureperceptionmean?Whatfactorswillinfluencecultureperception?Howdoescultureinfluenceeachstepofourperception?Doyouknowwhatethnocentrismmean?,CULTUREhasamuchgreatereffectontheperceptionprocessthanonsensationitself.Humanperceptionisusuallythoughtofasathree-stepprocessofselection,organization,andinterpretation.Eachofthesestepsisaffectedbyculture.,IWarming-upActivities,Someyearsago,severalinternationalbusinessmenwereonaconferencecruisewhentheshipbegantosink.“Gotellthosefellowstoputonlifejacketsandjumpoverboard,”thecaptaindirectedhisfirstmate.Afewminuteslaterthefirstmatereturned.“Thoseguyswontjump,”hereported.“Takeover,”thecaptainordered,“andIllseewhatIcando.”,Returningmomentslater,heannounced,“Theyregone.”“Howdyoudoit?”askedthefirstmate.“Itolddifferentthingstodifferentpeople.ItoldtheEnglishmanitwasthesportingthingtodo,andhejumped.ItoldtheFrenchmanitwas1;theGermanthatitwasacommand;theItalianthatitwas2;theRussianthatitwas3;sotheyalljumpedoverboard.”AndhowdidyougettheAmericantojump?“Noproblem,”saidthecaptain,“Itoldhimhewas4!”,Questions,Thecaptainsuccessfullypersuadedeverybusinessmantojumpoffboard,butwhatheactuallysaidtosomeofthemisnotgiveninthepassageabove.Canyoudecidetowhomeachofthefollowingwordswasactuallyusedbythecaptain?revolutionaryforbiddenchicinsured2.IftherehadbeenaChinesebusinessmanonboard,whatshouldthecaptainsayinordertomakehimjumpoverboard?3.Whatdoyouthinkofthestory?Doesittellyousomethingthatistrueofpeopleofthosedifferentnations?,IICaseStudy,Case1:NorthAmericanHospitalityUnderdone,ShanZhouisawell-establishedChinesescholarincivilengineering.Hehadbeenco-operatingwithPaul,anAmericanengineeronalargeproject.PaulhadbeentoChinatwicefortheproject.ShanZhoutookverygoodcareofhimoneachvisit,arrangingeverythingfromaccommodationtomakingsurethatoneormoreofhisstudentswouldgowithhimwheneverheneededtodosomething.FrequentlyShanZhouinvitedPaultohomeformealsorwenttorestaurantswithhim.HealsomadearrangementswithsomeofhisstudentstotravelaroundthecitywithPaul,tohelphimwithshopping,andtosocializewithhim.Paulwasverygrateful,butrepeatedlytoldShanZhouthathecouldtakecareofhimself.YetShanZhoucontinuedtobeveryattentive.Eventually,ShanZhouwenttotheUnitedStatestoworkwithPaulforhalfayear.Paulpickedhimupattheairportandtookhimdirectlytohistemporaryaccommodations.Paulapologizedthathehadtogohometotakecareofhistwochildren,andthathewouldtakeShanZhoufordinnersomeday.,Case1:NorthAmericanHospitalityUnderdone,ShanZhoudidnotspeakmuchEnglishanditwashisfirstvisittotheStates.HefeltlikeastrangerandexpectedPaultoatleastsendhisstudentstohelphimaround,likewhathehaddoneforPaulinChina.Butthatdidnothappen.Pauldidtakehimouttoanicerestaurantoneevening,andinvitedhimtohishomeonce.ShanZhouhadexpectedmorefromPaul,especiallyafterallthehelphehadgiventoPaul.HewasverydisappointedandhurtbyPaul,thinkingthatPaulshouldatleastreturnthefavorhehaddonetohim.ShanZhouwassohurtthathesaidtoagoodfriendthathewouldnottakethatmuchcareofPaulanymoreifhewenttoChinaagain.Infact,ShanZhouwassoupsetthathisworkingrelationshipwithPaulsuffered.Paulnoticedthechangebutdidnotknowwherethetensioncamefrom.,IICaseStudy,Case1:NorthAmericanHospitalityUnderdone,-Chineseperspective,TheChineseareveryhospitablepeople.Theytendtotakegreatcareoftheirguestsandtrytohelptheirguestswitheverything.Theywouldfeelbadifaguesthadanycomplaint.Ontheotherhand,theyexpectotherstotakecareofthem,too,whentheybecomegueststhemselves.AlthoughonemaynotspendasmuchtimewithonesguestthesedaysbecauseoftheincreasinglyhecticpaceoflifeinChina,onestilltriestomakesurethattheguestistreatedwell.ShanZhoudidthisbytakingtimehimselftobewithPaulandbyaskinghisgraduatestudentstohelpPaul.TotheChinesemind,oneshouldreturnthesamedegreeofhospitalityandkindnessifhe/shehastheopportunitytobecomethehost.Otherwise,he/shewouldbethoughtasbeingungratefulandevendisrespectful.ShanZhoufeltthatPaulstreatmentofhimfellfarshortofthecourtesyandkindnessthathe,ShanZhou,hadshownPaul.ForShanZhou,Paulwasnotactingasaresearchpartner,muchlessagoodfriend.HefeltthatPauldidnotrespectorvaluetheirfriendship.,IICaseStudy,Case1:NorthAmericanHospitalityUnderdone,-Westernersperspective,Thedifferencesherearenotwhetheroneshouldfeelgratitudetowardsahostforhospitality.Bothculturessharethisvalue.Themisunderstandingisaboutthedegreeandformofhospitalityexpected.AsaNorthAmerican,PaulfelttrappedbytheexcessiveattentionfromShanZhou.Whileassistancegotsettledandtranslationwouldbeexpectedandgreatlyappreciated,Paulwouldlikelyprefertimeonhisowninordertoexplorehisnewsurroundings,tothink,andtobecomecomfortableinhisnewresidence.NorthAmericansoftentakeprideinbeingindividualisticandself-reliant.ThelevelofattentionofferedbyShanZhoumayhavebeguntobeintrusive,controlling,andunwelcometoPaul.NorthAmericansvalueprivacyandthistranslatesintovaluingprivatetimetimebythemselves.PaulassumedthatShanZhouwouldfeelthesamewaybecausehewasnotawareofChinesestandardsofhospitalityandreciprocity(互惠).Thisassumptionwasre-enforcedbecauseShanZhouspokesomeEnglish.Paulassumedthathedidnotreallyneedanyassistance.,IICaseStudy,Case1:NorthAmericanHospitalityUnderdone,-Westernersperspective,ManyNorthAmericanshaveahardtimerealizingthattherestoftheworldisnotalwayscomfortablewithEnglishorwiththeNorthAmericanwayoflife.Thisisnotalwayssimplearrogance,butmorealackofexperienceof“havingtheshoeontheotherfoot”.WhenNorthAmericanstravel,theyfrequentlyobservethatEnglishisspokeninothercountriesandtheyseesignsofNorthAmericancultureinmanypartsoftheworld.Asaresult,theysometimesimplicitlyassumethateveryonewouldbecomfortableintheUSorCanada.NorthAmericansalsofeelhighlytime-pressed.Theytendtoexpectthatthosewhomtheyregardasequalswillunderstandthepressureontheirtimeandwillnotexpect“baby-sitting”.Whilepeopledoexpectanddeservereciprocityandhelpintimesofneed,NorthAmericanscanbeabitmorecasualorcavalier(漫不经心的,不在乎的)aboutassumingeveryonepreferstodomanythingsbythemselves.,IICaseStudy,Case2:ChineseHospitalityOverdone,JoeisanAssistantProfessorinanAmericanuniversity.Twoyearsago,hemadefriendswithHong,aChinesevisitingscholarinanotherAmericanuniversitywhenhewasinthefinalyearsofhisPh.Dprogram.Hebeganteachinginauniversityaftergraduation.Hong,whohadbeenbacktoChina,recommendedJoetoheruniversity.Soon,JoewasinvitedbyHongsuniversityforafive-dayvisittogivelectures.Joewasveryexcitedaboutthetrip,asitwashisfirsttimeinChina.HongandtheChairofherdepartmentmethimattheairportthenputhimupinanicehotel.TheyhadarrangedabigdinnerforhimfortheeveningandmadeJoefeelverywelcome.Attheendoftheevening,Honggavehimtheitineraryforthenextfewdays.Apartfromthelectures,allhistimewouldbefilledwithmeals,concerts,shopping,andaone-daytriptoanearbyresort,allpaidforbytheuniversity.Joehadthoughthewouldhavetimetoexplorethecityandthearea,buttheitinerarywouldleavehimnofreetime.,Case2:ChineseHospitalityOverdone,JoewasgratefultoHongandthehostdepartmentwhotookgreatcareofhimduringhisvisit.Attheendofthevisit,heinsistedintreatingHongandtheDepartmentChairtodinnertothankthem.Buttheysaidadinnerhadbeenarranged.Joewasveryfrustrated.Hewasnotveryhappyatthedinner,anddidnotshowanyenthusiasmwhentheDepartmentChairsaidthattheyhopedJoewouldcomebackforanothervisit.WhenitcametimeforJoetoleave,hedidnotknowwhattosay.HeknewheshouldbegratefulforeverythingHonghaddoneforhim,buthehadalsofeltdeprivedandtrappedsinceheneverfoundthetimetodoanythingbyhimself.Thetightitineraryneverallowedhimtoexploreonhisown;hefeltespeciallyannoyedthatalltheplanshadbeenmadewithoutconsultinghim.Ironically,assoonasJoeleft,Hongwasveryrelieved.ShefeltJoesvisithadbeensuccessfulbutithadrequiredmostofhertimetomakesurethatJoesvisitwouldbeasmoothone.SheneverknewthatJoe,stillupsetaboutthetightcontrolplacedonhisschedule,complainedtothepersonsittingnexttohimontheplane,“WhileinChina,Isometimesfeltlikeaprisoner!”,IICaseStudy,Case2:ChineseHospitalityOverdone,-Chineseperspective,Asmentionedincase1,theChineseattachalotofimportancetotakingcareoftheirguests.Whenitcomestoaforeignvisitor,ChinesehospitalityisusuallymorethanaWesternercanunderstand.Inthelate1970s,whenforeignerswererarelyseeninChinesecities,itwasnotuncommonforaChinesetoofferaseattoahealthyandenergeticWesternersimplyoutofhospitality.Traditionally,Chinesepeoplewouldgooutoftheirwaytomakeaguestfeelcomfortable,andtheirkindnessknowsnoboundwhenitcomestoaforeignvisitor.AsChinabecomesincreasinglymodernized,peoplebecomebusier,andmostofthemcannotaffordtobesoattentiveanymore.Inthiscase,Hongherselfhadalottodo,butJoewasherfriend,andshewantedtomakehimreallycomfortableinChina.HongtriedtorespecthertraditionsandherfriendbydoingmorethanshecouldreallyaffordtodoforJoesvisit,havingnoideathatJoeendedupfeelingfrustrated.,IICaseStudy,Case2:ChineseHospitalityOverdone,-Westernersperspective,TheexperienceofJoeisfamiliartomanyWesternervisitorsinChinaandinotherAsiancountries.Sincethetimetheyareinfants,NorthAmericansaretrainedtospendtimealoneandtodothingsforthemselves.Theyareuncomfortablewhentheyarealwayssurroundedbypeopleattemptingtobekind.Whilebothcultureshavetraditionsofhospitality,especiallytostrangers,theformandamountofthathospitality,theexpectationsofalonenessversusexpectationsofcompanionship,differgreatly.MostNorthAmericansvaluetimetobealone,tothinkabouttheexperiencestheyarehavinginanotherculture,andtoexploreanewcountryintheirownwayandattheirownpace.,IIIGroupDiscussion,1.Survey,AsimilarwordinChineseis“LaoWai”(老外).WorkinpairstomakeasurveyamongChinesestudentstofindouttheircharacteristicsuseoftheword“LaoWai”andtheirviewsofatypical“LaoWai”.,A.Whodoyoumostlyrefertoas“LaoWai”?,B.WhatisatypicalLaoWailike?,2.GroupWork,HerearetheresultsofGallupPollstakenin1966andMarch1972,indicatingthequalities,positiveandnegative,thatAmericansattributedtoChinesepeople.Thefollowingtableshowsthenumberswhochoseparticularadjectivesinthetwoyears.,Itcanbeseenthat,in1966whentheCulturalRevolutionbegan,thedominantimagesweremostlynegative.ButbythetimeNixonhadreturnedfromChinain1972themainimagesofChineseamongAmericanshadchangedgreatly,andthedominantimageswereallofthempositive.DiscusswithyourfellowstudentswhytheimageofChinesepeopleintheUnitedStateschangedsomuchwithineightyears.DidweChinesechangeverymuchinthoseyears?WhatmighthavebeenthepossiblereasonsforthechangeintheAmericanpublicopinionoftheChinesepeople?AndwhatdoyouthinktheChineseimagewouldbelikeintheU.S.A.now?,IVPerformance,Analyzethegivensituationandperformitbyaddingareasonableandacceptableending.,FriendsBecomingInvisible,XiaohongandJanebumpedintoeachotheroncampusoneday.Theywerelanguagepartners,XiaohongteachingJaneMandarinChinese,JaneteachingXiaohongEnglish.Thetwohadbecomegoodfriends.TheyhadjustbegunchattingwhensomeonecameupandgreetedXiaohong.Xiaohongseemedtoknowhimverywell,andstartedtalkingwithhim,leavingJaneaside.Astheirconversationwentlonger,Janefounditembarrassingnottobepartofit.ShetriedtocatchXiaohongsattentionandhopedtobeintroduced.ButXiaohongwouldnotlookather.Janefeltignoredandhurt.“Excuseme,”Janesaid,notbeingabletobeartheawkwardnessanylonger,“Ivegottogo.”SheturnedaroundandwalkedawaybeforeXiaohongcouldsayanything.,VExercises练习,Answerthefollowingquestions:Doyouknowwhat“stereotype”and“prejudice”mean?Ifyoudont,lookthemupinthedictionary.Areyoufreeofprejudiceagainstotherpeople?Ifyoudontthinkyouare,whomareyousometimesprejudicedagainst?,VExercises练习,2.ReadthefollowingcarefullyandtranslateitintoChinese.,Ourcultureisamajorfactorinperceptualdiscrepancies.Culturehelpssupplyuswithourperspectiveofreality.Itthereforeplaysadominantroleininterculturalcommunication.Forexample,ifourculture