高级英语写作

revision,考试题型,PartITranslation(10%)PartIISentence-evaluating(10%)PartIIISentence-rewriting(15%)PartIVPlagiarism-checking(10%)PartVSentence-revising(10%)PartVIAbstract-analyzing(15%)PartVIIParagraph-writing(15%)PartVIIISummary-writing(15%),Academicwritingstyle,formality,Longandformalwordsareusedinsteadofwordsusedindailycommunication.Complexgrammaticalstructuressuchasnominalphrases,subordinateclausesandpassivesarepreferred.Avoidusingthesecondpersonpronounssuchas“you”,etc.thesepronounsmakeyourwritingsoundlikeyouareaddressreadersorally.Eliminatecontractionssuchasisnt,dont,youre,etc.whichareconsideredtooinformalandconversationalforacademicwriting.Avoidrun-onsentences.Run-onsentencesarecommoninspeechandotherinformalinteractionsbecausewejustkeepaddingsomethingwewantedtosay.Inwriting,however,theserun-onsbecomedistractingandhardtofollow.,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Menwerereluctanttoretire,becausetheyanticipatedthattheywouldbedeprivedofmoneyratherthanwork.Reluctanceamongmentoretirewasassociatedwithanticipateddeprivations,mainlyofmoneyratherthanofattachmenttowork.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Theaboveanalysisseemstoindicatethatmanyfactorscontributetoglobalwarming.Fromtheaboveanalysis,wecanseethattherearemanyfactorsinfluenceglobalwarming.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Failuretorecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.Ifwedontrecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Ifoneacquaintshimselfwiththemanufacturerclosely,itwillrevealthathisconsumingpassionisproduction.Closeacquaintancewiththemanufacturerrevealsthathisconsumingpassionisproduction.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becausewecanapplyittomanyfieldofscienceandadaptittopracticaluses.Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicationtomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Despitepotentialbenefitsofsuchtechniques,seriousconcernshavebeenraisedconcerningthepotentialenvironmentalandmedicalconsequencesofGMOs.Althoughtherearepotentialbenefitsofsuchtechniques,peoplehaveseriousconcernsconcerningthepotentialenvironmentalandmedicalconsequencesofGMOs.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,Peoplepresentafairlyconsistentpictureofitsshort-termeffectsonusersinmanypublications.Afairlyconsistentpictureofitsshort-termeffectsonusersispresentedinmanypublications.,A,EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.,WhilewehavealreadylearnedmuchabouttheacutephysiologicaleffectsofCannabis(大麻),theresstillmuchweneedtolearn.WhilemuchhasalreadybeenlearnedabouttheacutephysiologicaleffectsofCannabis,muchremainstobelearned.,A,Ex.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.,Wemaybreakthesesectionsdownintoavarietyofsubsectionsandarrangetheminavarietyofways.(Usepassivesentence)2.Weshouldplacetheemphasisonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.(Usepassivesentence),Thesesectionsmaybebrokendownintoavarietyofsubsections,andtheymaybearrangedinavarietyofways.,Emphasisshouldbeplacedonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.,rewrite,rewrite,Ex.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.,3.Thissubsectionisrhetoricallyusefulbecauseitmakesyoumorecrediblebyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatyouhaveknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.(Avoidthepronoun“you”andtheabstractnounispreferred.)4.Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateandclearwillhelpyoutoproduceeffectivereportsefficiently.(Avoidthepronoun“you”andtheabstractnounispreferred.),Thissubsectionhasrhetoricalusefulnessinthatitenhancesthecredibilitybyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatonehasknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.,Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateandclearwillhelponetoproduceeffectivereportsefficiently.,rewrite,rewrite,Ex.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.,5.Ifweinvestigatetherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokes,wehavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.(Usenominalphrases)6.Thefinalsectionistodiscusstheresultsobtainedandstateanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.(Usenominalphrases.),Aninvestigationoftherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokeswouldhavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.,Thefinalsectionofaresearchreportisadiscussionoftheresultsobtainedandastatementofanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.,rewrite,rewrite,Ex.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.,7.Weshouldexplainthesignificance-social,economical,psychological,educational,etc.-ofthequestion.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)8.Wedonotobjecttowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.),Thereshouldbeanexplanationofthesignificance-social,economical,psychological,educational,etc.-ofthequestion.,Thereisnoobjectiontowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.,rewrite,rewrite,Ex.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.,9.WhatstheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?(Avoidcontractionsuchas“weve”,“shouldnt”,“Whats”,“theres”.)10.Thereslittleemphasisonalivelystyle.(Avoidcontractionsuchas“weve”,“shouldnt”,“Whats”,“theres”.),WhatistheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?,Thereislittleemphasisonalivelystyle.,rewrite,rewrite,Decidingonatopicandaworkingtitle,Chapter1,topic,Atopiciswhattheessayorresearchpaperisabout.Atopicthatistoospecializedortoogeneralmaybringmanyproblemsintermsofthetimeyoucandevotetotheresearchorthesourcesofinformationavailableonthetopic.,Fourprinciplesfordecidingonatopic,InterestingyourinterestHoandTappeser1997;Pusztai1999and2001;Kiznetcovetal.2004),QuotingHoandTappeser1997;Pusztai1999and2001;Kiznetcovetal.2004),Remember,theinformationintheparentheticalreferencesshouldbegivenitsaccurateandspecificdetailsofthesourcesinthereferencelistattheendofyourpaper.,References,Ho,M.W.andTappeser,B.(1997).Potentialcontributionsofhorizontalgenetransfertothetransboundarymovementoflivingmodifiedorganismsresultingfrommodernbiotechnology.InTransboundaryMovementofLivingModifiedOrganismsResultingfromModernBiotechnology:IssuesandOpportunitiesforPolicy-Makers(K.J.Mulongoy,ed.)InternationalAcademyoftheEnvironment,Switzerland:171-193Pusztai,A.(2001).Geneticallymodifiedfoods:Aretheyarisktohuman/animalhealth.Biotechnology:GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms.2001.,HowtoWriteanAbstract,Lecture5,Abstract,AcondensedsummaryofthepaperskeyinformationhighlightsthemajorpointscoveredconciselydescribethecontentandscopeofthewritingreviewsthewritingscontentsinabbreviatedformReadersfirstencounterwithapaperthechiefmeansbywhichreaderssurveythecontentsofthedocumentquicklyandthendecidewhethertocontinuereadingProvideabriefsummaryofthefindingsofthepaperandshouldbeastand-alone(独立的)documentthatcanbeunderstoodwithoutreadingthepaperUsedbyabstracting(编制文摘)andinformationservicestoindexandretrievearticles,sometimeswiththehelpofkeywordslistedintheabstract,Abstract,ComposedaftertheresearchpaperisfinishedplacedbeforethemaintextEconomyofwordsThelengthofanabstractvariesaccordingtothelengthofthepaperandrequirementsofdifferentjournals(generally200wordsshouldbeasensiblemaximum).Itusesasingleparagraph.,Twotypesofabstracts,DescriptiveabstractsInformativeabstracts,Twotypesofabstracts,Descriptiveabstractstellreaderswhatinformationthereport,article,orpapercontainsIncludethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,orpaperDonotprovideresults,conclusions,orrecommendationsArealwaysveryshort,usuallyunder100wordsIntroducethesubjectstoreaders,whomustthenreadthereport,article,orpapertofindouttheauthorsresults,conclusions,orrecommendations,InformativeabstractsCommunicatespecificinformationfromthereport,article,orpaperIncludethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,articleorpaperProvidethereport,articleorpapersresults,conclusions,andrecommendationAreshort-fromaparagraphtoapageortwo,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginalworkbeingabstracted.Usuallyinformativeabstractsare10%orlessofthelengthoftheoriginalpiece.Allowreaderstodecidewhethertheywanttoreadthereport,article,orpaper.,Criteriaofagoodabstract,AccurateStand-alone/self-containedConciseandspecificNon-evaluativeCoherentandreadable,Partsofanabstract,Purpose/motivationProblemstatementApproaches/methodsResultsConclusionsRelevanceKeywords,Content-basedESLinstruction:Long-termeffectsandoutcomesBailinSongKingsboroughCommunityCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,2001OrientalBoulevard,Brooklyn,NY11235-2398,USAEnglishforSpecificPurposesVolume25,Issue4,2006,Pages420437,Sampleabstract,title,author,Authorsinformation,Journal,Sampleabstract,Content-basedlanguageinstructionhasbecomeawidelyadoptedpedagogicalapproachtoEAP.Thispaperreportstheresultsofastudyoftheeffectsofcontent-basedESLinstructiononstudentsfutureacademicperformance.ThestudyusedcollegeacademicrecordstoevaluatetheacademicperformanceoftwogroupsofESLstudentswhoenrolledasfirstsemesterfreshmenfromSpring1995toSpring2000.Studentssimultaneouslyenrolledinacontent-linkedESLprogramwerecomparedtostudentswhodidnotreceivecontent-basedESLinstruction.Thestudyfoundthatstudentsenrolledinthecontent-linkedESLprogramnotonlyachievedhigherpassratesandbettergradesintheESLcourse,butalsoperformedbetterinsubsequentESLanddevelopmentalEnglishcourses.Inaddition,thecontent-linkedESLstudentshadbetterlong-termacademicsuccessratesthannon-content-linkedESLstudentsdid,inmeasuressuchasEnglishproficiencytestpassrates,graduationandretentionrates,andoverallGPA.,Introducetheproblem,Statetheobjective,Describethemethod,Outlinechiefresults,Proof-reading,Proofreading,Thefinalstepofwritinganacademicessay.Itisaboutsearchingyourwritingforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalerrorstomakesurethatyourpaperisfreefromerrorsbeforesubmittingyourpapertoyourteacherorajournal.,Checkglobally:ThetitleandabstractTheintroductionsectionThebodysectionTopicsentencesTheconclusionsectionCitationReference,Sentencefragments,Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wideningstreet,buildingsubwaysandsoon.,Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic,suchaswideningstreet,buildingsubwaysandsoon.,Ex.Checkgrammatically,Hencecancerwillbethreat